Reconceptualizing the measurement of expectations to better understand placebo and nocebo effects in psychological responses to exercise
| Autor: | Patrick J. O'Connor, Kaitlyn E. Carmichael, Chris Beedie, Attila Szabo, John S. Raglin, Jacob B. Lindheimer |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male Adolescent Physical activity 030209 endocrinology & metabolism Physical Therapy Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation macromolecular substances Athletic Performance Placebo Article Young Adult 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Surveys and Questionnaires Humans Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Nocebo Effect Exercise Aged Motivation Cognition 030229 sport sciences General Medicine Middle Aged Placebo Effect Cross-Sectional Studies Mood Female Psychology Clinical psychology |
| Zdroj: | Eur J Sport Sci |
| ISSN: | 1536-7290 1746-1391 |
| Popis: | OBJECTIVE: The understanding of placebo and nocebo effects in psychological responses to exercise is improved by measuring expectations. Despite availability of several validated expectancy measures, we argue for using scales that take both positive and negative expectations for exercise-induced changes into account. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A questionnaire was used to collect information on positive and negative expectations pertaining to how exercise would affect 14 different outcomes related to psychological health (n = 966). RESULTS: Outcomes for which a majority of the sample (>50%) reported positive expectations for exercise-induced changes included: psychological well-being (75.3%), depression (74.3%), relaxation (74.2%), sleep quality (73.3%), stress (72.2%), anxiety (69.8%), energy (67.1%), and attention (60.2%). Outcomes for which a majority of the sample (>50%) reported a negative expectation for exercise-induced changes were muscle pain (66.3%), fatigue (57.3%), and joint pain (50.7%). Across all 14 outcomes, the percentage of participants with negative expectations for exercise-induced changes ranged from 5.9 to 66.3%. CONCLUSION: Elucidating the potential presence of placebo and nocebo effects can improve the understanding of variability in the direction and magnitude of exercise-related effects on psychological health. Although there were only 3 outcomes for which the majority of participants reported negative expectations, we found that negative expectations were present to some degree for all 14 outcomes. Thus, for researchers who wish to characterize the potential presence of placebo and nocebo effects in studies of psychological responses to exercise, we recommend using measures that give equal consideration to positive and negative expectations. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|