Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005-2006 and 2011-2012
| Autor: | Benjamin C. Blount, Víctor R. De Jesús, Nathan Geldner, B. Rey deCastro, Kimberly M. Capella, Katharine Roland, Dana M. van Bemmel |
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| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male Phenylglyoxylic acid National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Adolescent Population 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Biochemistry Ethylbenzene Tobacco smoke Article Styrene 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Tandem Mass Spectrometry Occupational Exposure Biomonitoring Benzene Derivatives Humans 030212 general & internal medicine Food science education Child 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science education.field_of_study Glyoxylates Environmental Exposure Mandelic acid Nutrition Surveys United States chemistry Mandelic Acids Environmental Pollutants Female |
| Zdroj: | Environmental research. 171 |
| ISSN: | 1096-0953 |
| Popis: | Ethylbenzene and styrene are air toxicants with widespread nonoccupational exposure sources, including tobacco smoke and diet. Ethylbenzene and styrene (EB/S) exposure was quantified from their common metabolites measured in spot urine samples obtained from participants (≥6 years old) in the 2005–2006 and 2011–2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; N = 4690). EB/S metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). MA and PGA were detected in 98.9% and 90.6% of tested urine specimens, respectively. Exclusive smokers had 2-fold and 1.6-fold higher median urinary MA and PGA, respectively, compared with non-users. Sampleweighted regression analysis among exclusive smokers showed that smoking 0.5 pack cigarettes per day significantly increased MA (+97.9 μg/L) and PGA (+69.3 μg/L), controlling for potential confounders. In comparison, exposure from the median daily dietary intake of grain products increased MA by 1.95 μg/L and was not associated with statistically significant changes in urinary PGA levels. Conversely, consuming vegetables and fruit was associated with decreased MA and PGA. These results confirm tobacco smoke as a major source of ethylbenzene and styrene exposure for the general U.S. population. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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