Analysis of Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan in Skeletal Remains Following Differential Microclimate Exposure: Comparison of Acute vs. Repeated Drug Exposure
| Autor: | Kirk A. Unger, Lucas M. Morrison, James H. Watterson |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Drug
medicine.medical_specialty Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Metabolite media_common.quotation_subject Pharmacology Toxicology 01 natural sciences Microwave assisted Dextromethorphan Analytical Chemistry Drug levels 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Forensic Toxicology 0302 clinical medicine Dextrorphan Internal medicine medicine Environmental Chemistry Animals Pooled data 030216 legal & forensic medicine Skeleton media_common Chemical Health and Safety 010401 analytical chemistry Microclimate Skeleton (computer programming) 0104 chemical sciences Body Remains Substance Abuse Detection Endocrinology chemistry Postmortem Changes medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Journal of analytical toxicology. 41(6) |
| ISSN: | 1945-2403 |
| Popis: | Analysis of dextromethorphan (DXM) and its metabolite dextrorphan (DXT) in skeletal remains of rats following acute (ACU, 75 mg/kg, IP, n = 10) or three repeated (REP, 25 mg/kg, IP, n = 10, 40-min interval) doses of DXM is described. Following dosing and euthanasia, rats decomposed outdoors to skeleton in two different microclimate environments (n = 5 ACU and n = 5 REP at each site): Site A (shaded forest microenvironment) and Site B (rocky substrate exposed to direct sunlight, 600 m from Site A). Two drug-free rats at each site served as negative controls. Skeletal elements (vertebrae, ribs, pelvic girdles, femora, tibiae, skulls and scapulae) were recovered, pulverized and underwent methanolic microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Extracts were analyzed by GC-MS following clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Drug levels, expressed as mass-normalized response ratios and the ratios of DXT and DXM levels (RRDXT/RRDXM) were compared between drug exposures, microclimate sites, and across skeletal elements. DXM levels differed significantly (P < 0.05) between corresponding bone elements across exposure groups (5/7-site A; 4/7-site B), but no significant differences in DXT levels were observed between corresponding elements. RRDXT/RRDXM differed significantly (P < 0.05) between corresponding bone elements across exposure groups (6/7-site A; 5/7-site B). No significant differences were observed in levels of DXM, DXT or RRDXT/RRDXM between corresponding elements from either group between sites. When data from all bone elements was pooled, levels of DXM and RRDXT/RRDXM differed significantly between exposure groups at each site, while those of DXT did not. For both exposure groups, comparison of pooled data between sites showed no significant differences in levels of DXM, DXT or RRDXT/RRDXM. Different decomposition microclimates did not impede the discrimination of DXM exposure patterns from the analyses of DXM, DXT and RRDXT/RRDXM in bone samples. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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