Occurrence of parabens and their metabolites in the paired urine and blood samples from Chinese university students: Implications on human exposure
| Autor: | Hua Zhang, Qiang Quan, Xiao Wang, Kairui Zhu, Jun Fan, Xufang Sun, Ligong Lu, Wenjing Sun, Weiguo Xu, Yunfei Gao, Meixiao Zhan, Xiaowei Li |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Male
China Universities media_common.quotation_subject Urinary system Parabens Cosmetics Urine 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Biochemistry 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Humans 030212 general & internal medicine Ethylparaben Students 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science media_common Benzoic acid Butylparaben Chromatography Methylparaben Environmental Exposure chemistry Female Propylparaben |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Research. 183:109288 |
| ISSN: | 0013-9351 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109288 |
| Popis: | Parabens, a group of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, are extensively used in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuff. In the present study, the total forms (free plus conjugated) of four parent parabens, such as methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP), and four metabolites, namely methyl protocatechuate (OH-MeP), ethyl protocatechuate (OH-EtP), p-hydroxy benzoic acid (4-HB), and 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid (3,4-DHB), were detected in paired urine and blood samples collected from 196 Chinese university students. The median urinary and blood parabens and their metabolites concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 167 ng/mL and from0.02 to 2.88 ng/mL, respectively. MeP was the predominant parent parabens, accounting for 68% and 52% of urine and blood samples, respectively. Furthermore, 4-HB predominantly contributed to the parabens and their metabolites in urine (54%) and blood (41%). Significant positive correlations were observed between the urinary levels and blood levels. Moreover, relatively high levels of parabens and their metabolites were detected in urine samples. Our results imply that urinary concentrations are good predictors of human exposure to parabens and metabolites. Gender-related difference in urinary concentrations of parabens and their metabolites were found. The median urinary levels of the tested compounds in females were significantly higher than those in males (Mann Whitney U test, p 0.05 or 0.01). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MeP, EtP, and PrP were also evaluated. The median values of EDI |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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