| Popis: |
High-velocity friction experiments on simulated fault gouges sheared at high normal stress and to low displacement are particularly relevant to induced seismicity, which is becoming an important topic in fault mechanics. Using a new, improved set-up, which allows simulation of fault stress and fluid pressure ((Formula presented.)) conditions approaching in-situ reservoir values, we performed ring-shear experiments on simulated fault gouges prepared from the source-, reservoir-, and caprock-formations of the Groningen gas field. Pre-sheared gouges were subjected to a rotational slip pulse reaching ∼1.0 m/s peak velocity and 13–16 cm total displacement at effective normal stresses ((Formula presented.)) of 5–31 MPa and (Formula presented.) up to 5 MPa, using water or dry nitrogen as pore fluid. All water-saturated gouges show strong dynamic weakening within a few cm of slip, with the lowest dynamic friction (0.2–0.4) measured at the highest (Formula presented.). By contrast, the weakening was subtle in experiments using nitrogen. Our analyses focus on the high- (Formula presented.) experiments, which are more realistic and show a distinct dependence of constitutive parameters (e.g., slip-weakening rate) on (Formula presented.), in the form of empirical linear, power-law or exponential relations. The results provide much-needed constraints for numerical modeling of induced rupture propagation in the Groningen field. Based on temperature- and (Formula presented.) -measurements made in near-direct contact with the active shear band, and using “post-mortem” microstructures, we exclude previously-proposed dynamic weakening mechanisms (e.g., flash heating or thermal pressurization) and suggest that water pressurization at heated asperity or grain contacts explains the weakening seen in our high- (Formula presented.) experiments. |
