Keeping crispr in check: diverse mechanisms of phage-encoded anti-crisprs
Autor: | Ana Sousa Gerós, Raymond H.J. Staals, Despoina Trasanidou, Anna Cornelia Nieuwenweg, Prarthana Mohanraju, Franklin L. Nobrega |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2019 |
Předmět: |
Mini Review
Virulence Computational biology Biology Microbiology Evolution Molecular 03 medical and health sciences Viral Proteins Immune system Plasmid Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology Genome editing Genetics anti-crispr phage CRISPR genome editing Bacteriophages Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Molecular Biology 030304 developmental biology VLAG Gene Editing 0303 health sciences Bacteria 030306 microbiology Minireviews BacGen Acquired immune system biology.organism_classification crispr-cas Host-Pathogen Interactions Mobile genetic elements CRISPR-Cas Systems |
Zdroj: | FEMS Microbiology Letters, 366(9) FEMS Microbiology Letters FEMS Microbiology Letters 366 (2019) 9 |
ISSN: | 0378-1097 |
Popis: | CRISPR-Cas represents the only adaptive immune system of prokaryotes known to date. These immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea, and provide protection against invasion of mobile genetic elements, such as bacteriophages and plasmids. As a result of the arms-race between phages and their prokaryotic hosts, phages have evolved inhibitors known as anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins to evade CRISPR immunity. In the recent years, several Acr proteins have been described in both temperate and virulent phages targeting diverse CRISPR-Cas systems. Here, we describe the strategies of Acr discovery and the multiple molecular mechanisms by which these proteins operate to inhibit CRISPR immunity. We discuss the biological relevance of Acr proteins and speculate on the implications of their activity for the development of improved CRISPR-based research and biotechnological tools. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of phage-encoded inhibitors that block prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems, their mechanisms, structures and applications. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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