Numerical Simulation of Flame Retardant Polymers Using a Combined Eulerian–Lagrangian Finite Element Formulation

Autor: De-Yi Wang, Julio Marcelo Marti, Jimena de la Vega, Eugenio Oñate
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
Technology
Engineering
Civil
flame retardant
Materials science
QH301-705.5
QC1-999
dripping
Engineering
Multidisciplinary
020101 civil engineering
02 engineering and technology
01 natural sciences
0201 civil engineering
symbols.namesake
Viscosity
particle finite element method (PFEM)
General Materials Science
UL 94
Engineering
Ocean
Biology (General)
0101 mathematics
QD1-999
Engineering
Aerospace
Engineering
Biomedical
Instrumentation
Melt flow index
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes
Computer simulation
Physics
Process Chemistry and Technology
General Engineering
Eulerian path
Mechanics
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Computer Science
Software Engineering
Engineering
Marine
Finite element method
Computer Science Applications
Engineering
Manufacturing
Engineering
Mechanical
010101 applied mathematics
Chemistry
melt flow
Engineering
Industrial
Heat transfer
symbols
UL 94 test
TA1-2040
Fire retardant
Zdroj: Applied Sciences
Volume 11
Issue 13
Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 5952, p 5952 (2021)
ISSN: 2076-3417
DOI: 10.3390/app11135952
Popis: Many polymer-made objects show a trend of melting and dripping in fire, a behavior that may be modified by adding flame retardants (FRs). These affect materials properties, e.g., heat absorption and viscosity. In this paper, the effect of a flame retardant on the fire behavior of polymers in the UL 94 scenario is studied. This goal is achieved essentially by applying a new computational strategy that combines the particle finite element method for the polymer with an Eulerian formulation for air. The sample selected is a polypropylene (PP) with magnesium hydroxide at 30 wt.%. For modelling, values of density, conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, and Arrhenius coefficients are obtained from different literature sources, and experimental characterization is performed. However, to alleviate the missing viscosity at a high temperature, three viscosity curves are introduced on the basis of the viscosity curve provided by NIST and the images of the test. In the experiment, we burn the specimen under the UL 94 condition, recording the process and measuring the temperature evolution by means of three thermocouples. The UL 94 test is solved, validating the methodology and quantifying the effect of FR on the dripping behavior. The numerical results prove that well-adjusted viscosity is crucial to achieving good agreement between the experimental and numerical results in terms of the shape of the polymer and the temperature evolution inside the polymer.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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