Assessment of evaporative water loss from Dutch cities
| Autor: | Oscar Hartogensis, Jan Elbers, Bert van Hove, E.J. Moors, María Teresa Rodríguez-Carretero Márquez, Cor Jacobs, R.J. Brolsma |
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| Rok vydání: | 2015 |
| Předmět: |
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit
Environmental Engineering Meteorology and Air Quality Meteorology urban areas Geography Planning and Development evapotranspiration Evaporation water budget Atmospheric sciences Earth System Science urban heat-island evaporation Evapotranspiration temperatuur surface Precipitation Urban heat island requirements environments Pan evaporation Civil and Structural Engineering large-aperture waterbudget WIMEK climatic change rotterdam exchange temperature klimaatverandering Building and Construction manchester energy-balance Climate Resilience Water resources evaporatie stedelijke gebieden Klimaatbestendigheid scintillometers Potential evaporation Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde Environmental science veluwe Evaporative cooler |
| Zdroj: | Building and Environment, 83, 27-38 Building and Environment 83 (2015) |
| ISSN: | 0360-1323 |
| Popis: | Reliable estimates of evaporative water loss are required to assess the urban water budget in support of division of water resources among various needs, including heat mitigation measures in cities relying on evaporative cooling. We report on urban evaporative water loss from Arnhem and Rotterdam in the Netherlands, using eddy covariance, scintillometer and sapflow observations. Evaporation is assessed at daily to seasonal and annual timescale. For the summer half-year (April–September), observations from Arnhem and Rotterdam are consistent regarding magnitude and variability of evaporation that typically varies between 0.5 and 1.0 mm of evaporation per day. The mean daily evaporative cooling rate was 20–25 Wm −2 , 11–14% of the average incoming solar radiation. Evaporation by trees related to sapflow was found to be a small term on the water budget at the city or neighbourhood scale. However, locally the contribution may be significant, given observed maxima of daily sap flows up to 170 l per tree. In Arnhem, evaporation is strongly linked with precipitation, possibly owing to building style. During the summer season, 60% of the precipitation evaporated again. In Rotterdam, the link between evaporation and precipitation is much weaker. An analysis of meteorological observations shows that estimation of urban evaporation from routine weather data using the concept of reference evaporation would be a particularly challenging task. City-scale evaporation may not scale with reference evaporation and the urban fabric results in strong microweather variability. Observations like the ones presented here can be used to evaluate and improve methods for routine urban evaporation estimates. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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