Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection

Autor: Sebastian Maximilian Altstetter, Stephanie Jung, Ulrike Protzer
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Liver Cirrhosis
Hepatitis B virus
Carcinoma
Hepatocellular
Interferon-Induced Helicase
IFIH1
Hepatitis D
Chronic
viruses
Organic Anion Transporters
Sodium-Dependent
Biology
medicine.disease_cause
Virus Replication
Virus
Hepatitis D virus
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Immune system
Hepatitis B
Chronic
medicine
Humans
Immune Evasion
Innate immunity
Hepatitis delta Antigens
Innate immune system
Symporters
Coinfection
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules
Liver Neoplasms
Gastroenterology
virus diseases
Minireviews
General Medicine
biochemical phenomena
metabolism
and nutrition
medicine.disease
Virology
Immunity
Innate
Satellite virus
ddc
Liver
030220 oncology & carcinogenesis
Helper virus
Receptors
Pattern Recognition
Satellite Viruses
RNA
Viral
030211 gastroenterology & hepatology
Hepatitis Delta Virus
Immunosuppression
Zdroj: World Journal of Gastroenterology
ISSN: 2219-2840
1007-9327
Popis: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a global health threat with more than 15 million humans affected. Current treatment options are largely unsatisfactory leaving chronically infected humans at high risk to develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is the only human satellite virus known. It encodes only two proteins, and requires Hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope protein expression for productive virion release and spread of the infection. How HDV could evolve and why HBV was selected as a helper virus remains unknown. Since the discovery of Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide as the essential uptake receptor for HBV and HDV, we are beginning to understand the interactions of HDV and the immune system. While HBV is mostly regarded a stealth virus, that escapes innate immune recognition, HBV-HDV coinfection is characterized by a strong innate immune response. Cytoplasmic RNA sensor melanoma differentiation antigen 5 has been reported to recognize HDV RNA replication and activate innate immunity. Innate immunity, however, seems not to impair HDV replication while it inhibits HBV. In this review, we describe what is known up-to-date about the interplay between HBV as a helper and HDV's immune evasion strategy and identify where additional research is required.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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