4D formation of human embryonic forelimb musculature
| Autor: | Timothy J. Mohun, Eleanor Feneck, Malcolm Logan, Susan Wilde |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Human Development
Embryonic Development Biology Optical projection tomography Congenital abnormalities Muscle splitting Upper Extremity 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Normal muscle Carnegie stages Forelimb medicine Animals Humans Human embryogenesis Muscle development Upper limb Muscle Skeletal Molecular Biology 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences Histocytochemistry Anatomy Immunohistochemistry Embryonic stem cell Skeleton (computer programming) Protein Transport Progressive wave medicine.anatomical_structure Human embryonic development Biomarkers 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Developmental Biology |
| Zdroj: | Development (Cambridge, England) article-version (VoR) Version of Record |
| ISSN: | 1477-9129 0950-1991 |
| DOI: | 10.1242/dev.194746 |
| Popis: | The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individual muscles reach their mature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limb muscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and from superficial to deep. We show that some muscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb. Summary: A detailed 4D anatomical description of the human upper limb musculature through embryonic development reveals important events that enable nascent muscle bundles to form correctly. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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