Critical materials in global low-carbon energy scenarios: The case for neodymium, dysprosium, lithium, and cobalt
| Autor: | Christian Breyer, Tobias Naegler, Tobias Junne, Niklas Wulff |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Electric motor
020209 energy chemistry.chemical_element 02 engineering and technology Neodymium Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering climate change mitigation 020401 chemical engineering Critical materials Energy scenarios Climate change mitigation Energy system modelling 0202 electrical engineering electronic engineering information engineering Range (statistics) Critical materials 0204 chemical engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering Civil and Structural Engineering Wind power business.industry Mechanical Engineering Environmental engineering Building and Construction Pollution General Energy Electricity generation Climate change mitigation chemistry energy system modelling Dysprosium Environmental science energy scenarios Lithium business |
| Popis: | The requirements for neodymium, dysprosium, lithium, and cobalt in power generation, storage and transport technologies until 2050 under six global energy scenarios are assessed. We consider plausible developments in the subtechnology markets for lithium-ion batteries, wind power, and electric motors for road transport. Moreover, we include the uncertainties regarding the specific material content of these subtechnologies and the reserve and resource estimates. Furthermore, the development of the material demand in non-energy sectors is considered. The results show that the material requirements increase with the degree of ambition of the scenarios. The maximum annual primary material demand of the scenarios exceeds current extraction volumes by a factor of 3 to 9 (Nd), 7 to 35 (Dy), 12 to 143 (Li), and 2 to 22 (Co). The ratios of cumulative primary material demand to average reserve estimates range from 0.1 to 0.3 (Nd), 0.3 to 1.1 (Dy), 0.7 to 6.5 (Li), and 0.8 to 5.5 (Co). Average resource estimates of Li and Co are exceeded by up to a factor of 2.1 and 1.7, respectively. We recommend that future scenario studies on the energy system transformation consider the influence of possible material bottlenecks on technology prices and substitution technology options. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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