Immune surveillance in melanoma: From immune attack to melanoma escape and even counterattack
| Autor: | Fade Mahmoud, Nathan L. Avaritt, Laura F. Hutchins, Henry K. Wong, Sara C. Shalin, Bradley D. Shields, Alan J. Tackett, Issam Makhoul |
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| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Cancer Research
T-Lymphocytes medicine.medical_treatment Apoptosis Review Biology Lymphocyte Activation Immunomodulation 03 medical and health sciences Lymphocytes Tumor-Infiltrating 0302 clinical medicine Immune system Cell Movement medicine Animals Humans Immunologic Surveillance Melanoma Pharmacology Immunotherapy medicine.disease Immune surveillance Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen 4 Multiple factors Oncology 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis Immunology Molecular Medicine Tumor Escape 030215 immunology Homing (hematopoietic) |
| Zdroj: | Cancer Biology & Therapy. 18:451-469 |
| ISSN: | 1555-8576 1538-4047 |
| DOI: | 10.1080/15384047.2017.1323596 |
| Popis: | Pharmacologic inhibition of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD1) has resulted in unprecedented durable responses in metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Effective immune surveillance against melanoma requires 4 essential steps: activation of the T lymphocytes, homing of the activated T lymphocytes to the melanoma microenvironment, identification and episode of melanoma cells by activated T lymphocytes, and the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. At each of these steps, there are multiple factors that may interfere with the immune surveillance machinery, thus allowing melanoma cells to escape immune attack and develop resistance to immunotherapy. We provide a comprehensive review of the complex immune surveillance mechanisms at play in melanoma, and a detailed discussion of how these mechanisms may allow for the development of intrinsic or acquired resistance to immunotherapeutic modalities, and potential avenues for overcoming this resistance. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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