Contemporary Dietary Intake: Too Much Sodium, Not Enough Potassium, yet Sufficient Iodine: The SALMEX Cohort Results
Autor: | Ángeles Espinosa-Cuevas, Rodolfo Rincón-Pedrero, Bertha Herrero-Bervera, Omar Dary, Yolanda Baeza-Arias, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, Olynka Vega-Vega, Iris Nieves-Anaya, Angeles Mendoza-De la Garza, Jorge I Fonseca-Correa |
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Rok vydání: | 2018 |
Předmět: |
Adult
Male Sodium Potassium Population Nutritional Status chemistry.chemical_element sodium-potassium ratio Urine Urinalysis 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology Recommended Dietary Allowances Iodine Diet Surveys Article Excretion 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Animal science Prevalence Humans Medicine 030212 general & internal medicine Salt intake Noncommunicable Diseases education Mexico Potassium Deficiency education.field_of_study Chi-Square Distribution Nutrition and Dietetics business.industry Urban Health Potassium Dietary Sodium Dietary Middle Aged salt intake iodine intake Cross-Sectional Studies chemistry Multivariate Analysis Cohort Female business Nutritive Value Food Science |
Zdroj: | Nutrients Volume 10 Issue 7 |
ISSN: | 2072-6643 |
DOI: | 10.3390/nu10070816 |
Popis: | Initiatives to reduce sodium intake are encouraged globally, yet there is concern about compromised iodine intake supplied through salt. The aim of the present study was to determine baseline sodium, potassium, and iodine intake in a sample of workers from our Institution in Mexico City (SALMEX Cohort). Methods. From a cohort of 1009 workers, appropriate 24-h urine and three-day dietary recall was collected in a sample of 727 adult subjects for assessment of urinary sodium, potassium, and iodine concentrations. Median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was compared across categories of sodium intake of < 2, 2&ndash 3.6, and &ge 3.6 g/day. Results. Average sodium intake was 3.49 ± 1.38 g/day higher in men than women (4.14 vs. 3.11 g/day, p &le 0.001). Only 10.6% of the population had sodium intake within the recommended range (< 2 g/day) 45.4% had high (2&ndash 3.6 g/day) and 44% had excessive intake (> 3.6 g/day). Average urinary Na/K ratio was 3.15 ± 1.22 (ideal < 1), higher in men (3.42 vs. 3.0, p &le 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that sodium intake was associated with age (p = 0.03), male sex (p < 0.001), caloric intake (p = 0.002), UKE (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.001). Median iodine intake was 286.7 µ g/day (IQR 215&ndash 370 µ g/day). Less than 2% of subjects had iodine intake lower than recommended for adults (95 µ g/day) 1.3% of subjects in the recommended range of salt intake had low iodine intake. There is a direct relationship between iodine and sodium urinary excretion (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. In the studied population, there was an excessive sodium intake and an imbalance between sodium and potassium intake. Only 10.6% of the population had sodium intake within the recommended values, but iodine intake in this group appears to be adequate. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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