| Popis: |
Seasonal influenza vaccination has different implications on the immune response depending on the comorbidities. Diabetes is one such critical disease that increases the patient’s susceptibility to influenza and suppresses vaccine efficacy and immunity. The sex of the individuals also plays a definitive role in it. This study aims to understand the efficacy of the seasonal vaccine against influenza in diabetic groups and undergoing immune mechanisms in both sexes. There is a switching of the female with diabetes towards stronger cell-mediated immunity and Th1/Th17 response with suppressed humoral immunity. They show enhanced proinflammatory activities within T cells, CD8T activation, Th17 proliferation, and the majority of IgG2 antibody subtypes with reduced neutralization potential. Males with diabetes exhibit enhanced humoral Th2-immunity than the non-diabetic group. They exhibit higher MHCII, and DEC205 levels in dendritic cells, an increase in plasma B lymphocytes, and influenza-haemagglutinin specific IgG titer with stronger virus neutralization potential. This study highlights the critical immune mechanisms and sex-specific swapping of their preferred immune response pathways against influenza after vaccination during diabetes. We propose a need for a sex-specific customized vaccine regimen to be implemented against influenza for individuals having diabetes to exploit the manifested strength and weakness in their protective immunity. |
