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Deletion-containing viral genomes (DelVGs) are commonly produced during influenza A virus infection and have been implicated in influencing clinical infection outcomes. Despite their ubiquity, the specific molecular mechanisms that govern DelVG formation and their packaging into defective interfering particles (DIPs) remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized next-generation sequencing to analyze DelVGs that form de novo early during infection, prior to packaging. Analysis of these early DelVGs revealed that deletion formation occurs in clearly defined hotspots and is significantly associated with both direct sequence repeats and enrichment of adenosine and uridine bases. By comparing intracellular DelVGs with those packaged into extracellular virions, we discovered that DelVGs face a significant bottleneck during genome packaging relative to wild type genomic RNAs. Surprisingly, packaged DelVGs exhibited no signs of enrichment for specific deletion characteristics suggesting that all DelVGs are equally limited in packaging efficiency. Our data provide the first unbiased, high-resolution portrait of the diversity of DelVGs that are generated by the IAV replication machinery and shed light on the mechanisms that underly DelVG formation.ImportanceDefective interfering particles (DIPs) are commonly produced by RNA viruses and have been implicated in modulating clinical infection outcomes, hence, there is increasing interest in the potential of DIPs as antiviral therapeutics. For influenza viruses, DIPs are formed by the packaging of genomic RNAs harboring internal deletions. Despite decades of study, the mechanisms that drive the formation of these deletion-containing viral genomes (DelVGs) remain elusive. Here, we used a specialized sequencing pipeline to characterize the first wave of DelVGs that form during influenza virus infection. This dataset provides an unbiased profile of the deletion-forming preferences of the influenza virus replicase. Additionally, by comparing the early intracellular DelVGs with those that get packaged into extracellular virions, we described a significant segment-specific bottleneck that limits DelVG packaging relative to wild type viral RNAs. Altogether, these findings reveal factors that govern the production of both DelVGs and DIPs during influenza virus infection. |
