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Nano-bioremediation includes the utilization of nanomaterial in the treatment of polluted materials. Bioremediation has been practiced extensively as an accessible cost-effective method to regulate dangerous pollutants, such as heavy metals, in soil, and water. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles from microorganism is developing as nano-factories and conceivable software in environmental cleanup. The elimination of environmental contaminants (such as heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants) from polluted sites is called nano-bioremediation using nanoparticles/nanomaterial produced by bacteria with the aid of nanotechnologies. Three major strategies of bioremediation consist of use of microbes, flora, and enzymatic remediation. Nanoparticles can additionally be used for the remediation of soils, water contaminated with heavy metals, and natural and inorganic pollutants. For example, several complicated natural compounds, inclusive of long-chain hydrocarbons and organochlorines, are especially resistant to microbial and plant degradation. Nanoparticles can also be used in conjunction with phytoremediation in the enzyme-based bioremediation. A combined method regarding nanotechnology and biotechnology could overcome this limitation: nanoencapsulated enzymes would degrade complex organic compounds into simpler compounds, which would in turn be rapidly degraded by the joint activities of microbes and plants. Bacteria are capable of mobilizing and immobilizing metals, and in some situations, the microorganism which can minimize metal ions exhibits the capacity to precipitate metals at nanometer scale. Bacteria are used as a possible “biofactory” for the synthesis of nanoparticles such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, titanium, titanium dioxide, magnetite, cadmium sulfide, and so on. The use of microorganism as a source of enzymes that can catalyze particular reactions to inorganic nanoparticles is a new rational biosynthesis method and use of enzymes, microbial enzymes, vitamins, polysaccharides, biodegradable polymers, microorganisms, and organic structures for synthesis of nanoparticles. Filtering successfully achieves the further purification of nanoparticles. The bacterial cells and S-layers have special metal binding capabilities which make them useful for technical applications in bioremediation and nanotechnology. Bacterial nanoparticles are useful in highly contaminated conditions for the detoxification and bioremediation of soil, water, and other habitats. Bioremediation by microorganisms typically requires the use of identified aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to remove pesticides and hydrocarbons. Rhizo-remediation is a cheap and effective technique which is useful for remediating polluted soils through the combined action of plants and their symbiotic microbes in the rhizosphere. Capable microorganisms are designed to enhance their cell membrane transport or their enzymatic attributes to enable enhanced and wide-spectral pollutant degradation. Nanotechnology modification and adaptation will increase the efficiency and duration of the bioremediation in the future. |
