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Nanotechnology is a multidimensional research area that is swiftly gaining renovation in a large number of fields. Traditional methods of nanotechnology are expensive, labor-intensive, and potentially hazardous to the environment and living organisms. Green nanotechnology is the application of green chemistry, green engineering, and sustainability principles that mainly focus on replacing chemical products and developing processes to eliminate or at least minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances in the nanotechnology field. Biological and biomimetic methods that include plants, PEs, bio-wastes, enzymes, and micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, and yeasts have been successfully employed in the synthesis of green nanoparticles (NPs). In addition, other alternative green approaches like electrochemical methods, sono-chemistry, microwave-based techniques, and usage of solvents like supercritical fluids and ionic liquids promote reactions without hazardous solvents, reducing agents, and stabilizers and thus are safe and environment friendly. In this chapter, we present recent advancements in green approaches for the synthesis of green NPs as cost-effective, eco-friendly, and simple approaches. Furthermore, the factors affecting green synthesis, characterization techniques, and antimicrobial applications of these nanomaterials are also reviewed. |
