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The Maoniuping REE deposit, located about 22 km to the southwest of Mianning, Sichuan Province, is the second largest light REE deposit in China, subsequent to the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Technically, it is located in the transitional zone between the Panxi rift and the Longmenshan-Jinpingshan orogenic zone. It is a carbonatite vein-type deposit hosted in alkaline complex rocks. The bastnaesite-barite, bastnaesite-calcite, and bastnaesite-microcline lodes are the main three types of REE ore lodes. Among these, the first lode is distributed most extensively and its REE mineralization is the strongest. The δ34SV-CDT values of the barites in the ore of the deposit vary in a narrow range of +5.0 to +5.1‰ in the bastnaesite-calcite lode and +3.3 to +5.9‰ in the bastnaesite-barite lode, showing the isotopic characteristics of magma-derived sulfur. The δ13CV-PDB values and the δ18OV-SMOW values in the bastnaesite-calcite lode range from −3.9 to −6.9‰ and from +7.3 to +9.7‰, respectively, which fall into the range of “primary carbonatites”, showing that carbon and oxygen in the ores of the Maoniuping deposit were derived mainly from a deep source. The δ13CV-PDB values of fluid inclusions vary from −3.0 to −5.6‰, with −3.0 to −4.0‰ in the bastnaesitecalcite lode and −3.0 to −5.6‰ in the bastnaesite-barite lode, which show characteristics of mantle-derived carbon. The δDV-SMOW values of fluid inclusions range from −57 to −88‰, with −63 to −86‰ in the bastnaesite-calcite lode and −57 to −88‰ in the bastnaesite-barite lode, which show characteristics of mantle-derived hydrogen. The δ18OH2OV-SMOW values vary from +7.4 to +8.6‰ in the bastnaesitecalcite lode, and +6.7 to +7.8‰ in the bastnaesite-barite lode, almost overlapping the range of +5.5 to +9.5‰ for magmatic water. The 4He content, R/Ra ratios are (13.95 to 119.58)×10−6 (cm3/g)STP and 0.02 to 0.11, respectively, and 40Ar/36Ar is 313 ± 1 to 437 δ 2. Considering the 4He increase caused by high contents of radioactive elements, a mantle-derived fluid probably exists in the inclusions in the fluorite, calcite and bastnaesite samples. The Maoniuping deposit and its associated carbonatite-alkaline complex were formed in 40.3 to 12.2 Ma according to K-Ar and U-Pb data. All these data suggest that large quantities of mantle fluids were involved in the metallogenic process of the Maoniuping REE deposit through a fault system. |
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