| Popis: |
The relationship between plant endophyte is noted for mutualism and balanced antagonism between endophytic virulence and plant defensive response. The host plant produces many toxic substances to limit the growth of endophytes, but during the long period of coevolution, endophytes also have gradually formed several tolerant mechanisms toward host metabolites by producing exoenzymes and mycotoxins. These enzymes include pectinase, cellulase, lipoidase, proteinase, phenol oxidase, and lignin catabolic enzymes. When host plants die, the fungi utilize the carbon source plant residues such as glucose, oligosaccharide, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, keratin, pectin, lipid, and protein and decompose effectively. These enzymes may also degrade macromolecule compounds into small molecules or convert more toxic substances into less toxic in order to increase their adaptability. The large amounts of residual plant biomass (lignocellulosic) which are considered as waste can potentially be converted with the mediation of microbes into various different value-added products including biofuels, chemicals, cheap energy sources for fermentation, improved animal feeds, and human nutrients. Lignocellulolytic enzymes also have significant potential applications in various industries such as chemical, fuel, food, brewery and wine, animal feed, textile and laundry, pulp and paper, and agriculture. In this review, we have reported the ability of endophytic fungi in the production of different enzymes of immense values in agriculture, medicine, and other industries. |
