| Popis: |
Enzymes are biocatalysts present in all the living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms) in nature and are the core to all the biological activities carried out in a living being. Enzymes are specific and precise in their activity and require minimal energy to catalyze the reaction between reactants. Unique biocatalysts are being sought out for replacing expensive chemicals with toxic side effects. The diverse environment serves as a source for a plethora of microorganisms, and most of them could have unique biological activities controlled and carried out by their enzymes. These novel enzymes assist in developing novel therapeutics, help pharmaceutical to leave a smaller carbon footprint, become core sources for advancing molecular techniques like PCR and CRISPR gene editing technology, serve in bioremediation of polluted environments, etc. In the present review, we attempted to discuss the current scenario of different isolation techniques for enzyme sources of bioremediation potential and their importance, particularly, from marine resources using culture-dependent (enrichment screening—direct growth of the organism) and culture-independent tools (DNA-based techniques—metagenomic approaches) and recent developments along with their merits and demerits. The prospects of utilizing enrichment screening methods in combination with sequence-based metagenomic approaches are bound to increase manyfold as the knowledge of novel enzymes and their sources become available. |
