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The planning and design of WSUD schemes is complicated by the fact that they may have multiple: (1) purposes and objectives; (2) components and design decisions for each component; and (3) spatial scales, which need to be considered. This provides motivation for the use of optimization methods that are aimed at finding the combination of design variables that achieve the best outcomes in terms of the multiple objectives. This chapter discusses how optimization methods can be used in conjunction with a range of simulation models to plan and design WSUD schemes. It also shows how optimization has been used to identify system trade-offs between a range of economic, social, and environmental indicators. Two case studies are presented that consider the selection, sizing, and layout of WSUD components for the purposes of water quality improvement and stormwater harvesting. A third case study demonstrates the use of multiobjective optimization in conjunction with visual analytics to select a portfolio of WSUD projects so as to satisfy the requirements of multiple stakeholders. Future developments are discussed, including (1) collaborative modeling and decision-making; (2) identifying, exploring, analyzing, and selecting multiobjective WSUD solutions; and (3) how optimization can support robust and collaborative WSUD planning and design approaches. |
