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Background and Aims: Transtorming growth factor !3 (TGF-13)/gmads and Wnt pathways play a critical role in both repressing and progressing gastrointestinal cancers. Various mutations of TI3RII, Smad2, Smad4, APC, and [3-eatenin are associated with a large nmnber cases of gastric, pancreatic, and colon cancers. Furthermore, gastrin and its precursors (progastrin and Glycine-extended gastrin) have been shown to promote cell proliferation and cancer progression in gastrointestii~al system botb in vitro and in ,Avo. in the effort to integrate the roles and rdationship of TGF-]3 Wm pathway and gastrin in gastric cancer progressmn, we investigated the regulation of gastrin expression by TGF-~/Smads and Wm pa(hways. Methods: Serial deletion and intensive mutational analyses were performed to identit}, the cis |
