A quantitative study of cotyledon positioning in conifer development
| Autor: | Michael Wu, Cameron Wong, Byron Brook, David M. Holloway, Joohyun Kang |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
0301 basic medicine food.ingredient Ecology biology Plant Science biology.organism_classification 01 natural sciences 03 medical and health sciences 030104 developmental biology Gymnosperm food Pinaceae Pine family Botany Polar auxin transport Larch Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics Cotyledon 010606 plant biology & botany Woody plant |
| Zdroj: | Botany. 94:1063-1074 |
| ISSN: | 1916-2804 1916-2790 |
| DOI: | 10.1139/cjb-2015-0242 |
| Popis: | The number of cotyledons in angiosperm monocots and dicots is tightly constrained. But in the gymnosperm Pinaceae (pine family), which includes many of the conifers, cotyledon number (nc) can vary widely, commonly from 2 to 12. Conifer cotyledons form in whorled rings on a domed embryo geometry. We measured the diameter of embryos and counted the cotyledons to determine the radial positioning of the whorl and the circumferential spacing between cotyledons. Results were similar between Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (L.) H.Karst.), and larch (Larix × leptoeuropaea, synonymous with L. × marschlinsii Coaz), indicating a common mechanism for cotyledon positioning in conifers. Disrupting transport of the growth regulator auxin (with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)) led to cup-shaped embryos, indicating that whorl (ring) formation is separable from cotyledon patterning within the ring. NPA inhibits cotyledon outgrowth, but not the spacing (distance) between cotyledons. The NPA effect is direct; it does not operate indirectly on embryo size. These results support a hierarchical model for cotyledon positioning in conifers, in which a first stage (not requiring auxin transport) sets the whorl position, constraining the second stage (which requires auxin transport) to form cotyledons within this whorl. Similarly, recent studies in Arabidopsis have shown that different components of complex developmental patterns can have different transport properties; this aspect of patterning may be shared across plants. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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