| Popis: |
While actions for addressing global climate change should not be delayed,an open and compatible method for quantifying the greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions of cities or local regions is critical required to support policies.Urban GHG inventory is fundamental for accounting GHG emissions in cities.In general,it reflects both emission structure and trend.Compiling GHG inventories at urban scale is a basic demand of low-carbon city construction in China,and also a foundation for China′s future development. Although use the methods of national GHG inventories as reference,GHG inventories for cities have their own characteristics on principles and methodology systems.The present urban GHG inventory usually uses the experiences of GHG inventory methodologies developed by IPCC(The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change),ICLEI(International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) and Draft International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities.However,there are still no systemic and standardized methods and indexes for urban GHG inventories,because different organizations have established different approaches for inventorying urban GHG emissions.Though unified framework,such as IPCC or ICLEI,is used,treatments on some emission sources(electricity and cross-boundary transport) or divisions of sub-sectors are different.Due to these issues,it is unsuitable for comparison between cities.At the same time,the calculation results of China′s urban GHG emissions have little comparability with those of western cities,owing to differences of definitions and scales. China′s urban GHG emission inventory research is just at the beginning and achievements need to be extended and the performance of urban GHG emission inventory still has a long way to go.Based on present methodologies of compiling urban GHG emission inventories and typical case studies,both domestic and international,we were willing to establish a common standard by which inventory of urban emissions should be followed.Considering the special characteristics of China′s urban structure,and the problems which would be faced during the accounting progress,China′s urban GHG inventories should take its administrative area as spatial boundary and three main gases,carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide,should be concluded.Consumption-based mode should be chose in order to reflect emission amount and structure more truly and more comprehensive.The most recent IPCC guidelines can be used for determining emissions from four aspects,energy(stationary and mobile sources),industrial processes and product use(IPPU),agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU;where significant),and waste.While it is impractical to quantify all of the emissions associated with the indirect ways of urban GHG emissions,such as myriad of goods and materials consumed in cities,urban GHG inventories should also include out-of-boundary emissions from the generation of electricity and district heating which are consumed in cities(including transmission and distribution losses),emissions from aviation and marine vessels carrying passengers or freight away from cities,out-of-boundary emissions from waste that is generated in cities.The GHG emissions embodied in the food,water,fuels and building materials consumed in cities should also be reported as additional information items if possible.Uncertainty assessment and quality assurance are encouraged and should follow IPCC guidelines. |
