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This chapter focuses on how surfaces on suspended particles, nanoparticles, and sediments affect solute behavior and concentrations. The molecular structures of solids that yield various kinds of surfaces and interfaces are described, along with features of surfaces themselves. Forces that attract/repel solutes to/from surfaces are described with emphasis on electrical charge and excess surface energy, called surface tension. A major focus is on sorption, i.e., the accumulation of solutes onto surfaces. The Freundlich and Langmuir models that quantify this process are described along with more complicated models developed to overcome their limiting assumptions. Mechanistic models that consider the physics of the electrical double layer at solid-solution interfaces, e.g., the Gouy-Chapman double layer model, are developed, along with modern extensions. Surface complexation models that combine double-layer physics with a chemically oriented approach to quantify the interactions between ionic solutes and surfaces are described and examples of their use are given. |
