A Preliminary Study on Herbal Composite: Comparative Analysis with Commercial Ayurvedic Toothpaste for The Prevention of Dental Pathogens of Dental Caries Cases

Autor: Elayarajah B, Rajesh R, Suma Ravindranath Menon, Rajendran R
Rok vydání: 2011
Předmět:
Zdroj: Indian Journal of Applied Research. 4:536-540
ISSN: 2249-555X
DOI: 10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/170
Popis: Herbal composite was developed using three different medically significant herbs in the present study. The composite was developed with the aim of inhibiting the growth of dental pathogens that causes dental caries. Different dental pathogens were isolated from outpatients’ dental department, Kerala. Dental isolates were subjected to antibacterial activity against different herbs. After screening three herbs, minimal inhibitory concentration of individual herbal extracts were carried out. The MIC of the herbs was compared with the sensitivity pattern of antibiotic disc diffusion assay. Three trials were made using three different concentrations of herbal composites. Finally the prepared herbal composite was compared for its antibacterial activity with commercial ayurvedic toothpaste against the dental isolates. The prepared herbal composite showed good antibacterial activity than the commercial ayurvedic toothpaste against all the dental isolates. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Poor oral hygiene results in plaque accumulation which is a major etiological factor in occurrence of dental caries, gingival and periodontal diseases (Omar, 2013). Bacteria form an important group of microorganisms found in both healthy and diseased mouths as more than 300 types of bacteria are found in the oral cavity. Plaque is a complex bio film found on the tooth surface which forms the major reason of the development of dental caries. The accumulation and development of plaque depends upon the outcome of the interactions between the adhesiveness of plaque to the tooth surface and the physical shear forces which serve to dislodge and remove the plaque (Benson et al., 2004). Dental caries is a localized and transmissible pathological infectious process that results in the destruction of hard enamel tissue. Streptococcus mutans, an acidogenic and aciduric microorganism colonizing the oral cavity, is considered to be the main cause of dental caries (Robertson and Smith, 2009). Chemoprophylactic agents that are used in dental caries prevention include penicillin and vancomycin; cationic agents such as chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride; and non-ionic agents such as triclosan (Chen and Wang, 2010). Chlorhexidine is one of the most tested compounds and its anti-plaque properties are well-known. In a supragingival biofilm model, chlorhexidine was shown to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Because chlorhexidine is positively charged, it binds to various surfaces including enamel pellicle, hydroxyapatite and mucous membranes. However, the retention of chlorhexidine on tooth surface also leads to its an undesirable side-effect which is tooth staining and calculus formation (Anderson, 2003). The strategy for the oral disease is changing to the prevention from the treatment and reconstruction. The population using the preventive remedies such as mouthwash, dental floss and fluoridation have increased (Furgang et al., 2003). Previous studies have revealed that dental plaque can be controlled by physical removal and use of various pharmaceutical formulations like antimicrobial toothpastes and mouthwashes. Mechanical plaque control methods include tooth brushing and interdental cleansing using oral hygiene aids and professional prophylaxis. Chemical plaque control has been used only as adjunct to mechanical means and not a substitute even though various chemicals are widely used nowadays. Toothpaste is by far the most widespread form of fluoride usage and the decline in the prevalence of dental caries in developed countries is mainly attributed to its increased use. Fluoride therapy has been the cornerstone of caries preventive strategies since the introduction of water fluoridation schemes over five decades ago. Since the 1980s nearly all commercially available toothpaste formulations contain fluoride. The intensive promotion of fluoridated toothpastes by the oral health care industry is a major factor in their increased use (Ramji et al., 2005). Natural products have been used for several years in folk medicine (Omar, 2013). Medicinal plants have been used as traditional treatments for numerous human diseases for thousands of years and in many parts of the world (Chitme, 2003). Over the last decade herbal medications in both prophylaxis and treatment of various diseases turned to be a popular form of therapy throughout the world. Many side effects associated with traditional medicines have been averted by using herbal medicines and thus they are safer to use. Several natural products are marketed for oral and dental use to satisfy the shift to usage of natural products from pharmaceutical products among the public. These alternative products can be either dental products with natural ingredients or herbal products. Different herbs have been included in dental products as: Bloodroot, Carawy, Chamomile, Echinacea, Peppermint, Rosemary, Thyme, Aloe vera, Green tea, Fennel, Ginger, Salvadora persica (meswak extract), Clove oil, Eucalyptus and Nigella sativa oil. Toothpastes and oral rinses are usually marketed as cosmetic products. Both products are used to maintain good oral hygiene and counteract bad breath (Omar, 2013). According to Omar, (2013) researchers should be encouraged to conduct controlled studies to prove the effectiveness and safety of natural dental products. Those studies will provide
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