Chemical antifouling defences of sea stars: effects of the natural products hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, lathosterol and sitosterol

Autor:	Anthony D. Wright, R. de Nys, Jana Guenther, Kathryn A. Burns
Rok vydání:	2009
Předmět:	chemistry.chemical_classification Ecology biology Fatty acid Lathosterol Bugula neritina Aquatic Science biology.organism_classification Archaster typicus Linckia laevigata Closterium Sterol Palmitic acid chemistry.chemical_compound chemistry Botany Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics
Zdroj:	Marine Ecology Progress Series. 385:137-149
ISSN:	1616-1599 0171-8630
DOI:	10.3354/meps08034
Popis:	The role of natural products in keeping the surfaces of the sea stars Linckia laevigata, Fromia indica, Cryptasterina pentagona and Archaster typicus free of fouling organisms was investi- gated. Conditioned seawater of these sea stars did not have any effects on the settlement of the eco- logically relevant diatoms Amphora sp. and Nitzschia closterium and the bryozoan Bugula neritina. However, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts of whole sea stars at 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 µg cm -2 had concentration-dependent effects on the settlement of these fouling species and the poly- chaete Hydroides elegans. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation and analysis with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the most bioactive fractions contained several fatty acids and sterols. To determine whether the compounds responsible for the observed antifouling effects were present on the surface of all 4 sea star species, surface-associated compounds were tested against Amphora sp., N. closterium, B. neritina and H. elegans. These compounds reduced the settlement of at least 2 of the 4 fouling species for each sea star species. Using surface extractions and GC-MS analysis, the most abundant surface-associated fatty acids and sterols of each sea star species were identified and quantified. Hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, lathosterol and sitosterol were tested at surface-associated concentrations, ranging from 1000 to 1 ng cm -2 , in settlement assays. Whereas the settlement of B. neritina was not affected by any of the compounds, hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol and lathosterol significantly reduced the settle- ment of N. closterium at surface-associated concentrations.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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