Sustainable utilisation of forest biomass for energy—Possibilities and problems: Policy, legislation, certification, and recommendations and guidelines in the Nordic, Baltic, and other European countries
| Autor: | Ingeborg Callesen, I. Varnagiryte, Pekka Tamminen, Morten Ingerslev, A. Indriksons, Katri Ots, A. Lunnan, Anna Saarsalmi, Hans Peter Ravn, Malle Mandre, Erik Karltun, Klaus Katzensteiner, Talis Gaitnieks, M. Jonsell, Diana Mizaraite, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari, L. Kairiukstis, Dominik Röser, Remigijus Ozolinčius, Antti Asikainen, Karri Pasanen, Lelde Vilkriste, Inge Stupak, Nicholas Clarke, Henn Pärn, A. Kukkola, Martin Schroeder, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen |
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| Rok vydání: | 2007 |
| Předmět: |
Renewable Energy
Sustainability and the Environment business.industry Forest management Sustainable forest management Environmental resource management Forestry Certification Energy policy Certified wood Sustainability media_common.cataloged_instance European union Energy source business Waste Management and Disposal Agronomy and Crop Science Environmental planning media_common |
| Zdroj: | Biomass and Bioenergy. 31:666-684 |
| ISSN: | 0961-9534 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.06.012 |
| Popis: | The substitution of biomass for fossil fuels in energy consumption is a measure to mitigate global warming, as well as having other advantages. Political action plans for increased use exist at both European and national levels. This paper briefly reviews the contents of recommendations, guidelines, and other synthesis publications on sustainable use of forest biomass for energy. Topics are listed and an overview of advantages, disadvantages, and trade-offs between them is given, from the viewpoint of society in general and the forestry and energy sectors in particular. For the Nordic and Baltic countries, the paper also identifies the extent to which wood for energy is included in forest legislation and forest certification standards under the “Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification” (PEFC) and the “Forest Stewardship Council” (FSC) schemes. Energy and forest policies at EU and national levels, and European PEFC forest standards are analysed. With respect to energy policies, the utilisation of wood for energy is generally supported in forest policies, but forest legislation is seldom used as a direct tool to encourage the utilisation of wood for energy. Regulations sometimes restrict use for environmental reasons. Forest certification standards include indicators directly related to the utilisation of wood for energy under several criteria, with most occurrences found under environmental criteria. Roles and problems in relation to policy, legislation, certification standards, recommendations and guidelines, and science are discussed. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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