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Jedan od obnovljivih izvora energije je i biomasa, koja je izvor energije biološkog porijekla, a pojavljuje se u obliku ogrjevnog drva, grana i drvnog otpada iz šumarstva, piljevine, kore i drvnih ostataka, najčešće iz drvne industrije, kao otpad koji se na ovaj način zbrinjava. Drvna biomasa ima najširu primjenu, a jedan od oblika je i sječka. Energetsko iskorištavanje šumske ili drvne biomase stoljećima je bilo primarni i gotovo jedini izvor energije, a njezina primjena značajno se smanjila pojavom fosilnih goriva i električne energije. Biomasa je, prema članku 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), određena kao biorazgradivi dio proizvoda, ostataka i otpadaka iz poljoprivrede (uključivo s biljnim i životinjskim tvarima), šumarstva i drvne industrije, kao i biorazgradivi dijelovi komunalnog i industrijskog otpada čije je energetsko korištenje dopušteno. Izravno se koristi kao gorivo u ložištima raznih izvedbi i dimenzija, od peći i kotlova za grijanje, kamina pa sve do velikih energetskih postrojenja poput elektrana, toplana, energana i drugih. Izgaranjem biomase dobiva se toplinska i sve češće električna energija. [10] Sječka su komadići drvne biomase raznih dimenzija i oblika koji nastaju sječenjem i usitnjavanjem drvne sirovine. Najčešće se koriste u ložištima s toplinskim učinkom većim od 50 kW pa sve do više MW, što znači i u kotlovima za centralno grijanje obiteljskih kuća, stambenih, javnih i poslovnih zgrada, domova i ugostiteljskih objekata, hotela, ali i industrijskim energanama i termoenergetskim postrojenjima. [10] U ovom diplomskom radu, detaljno su opisani i dimenzionirani svi dijelovi toplovodnog postrojenja na biomasu snage 1 MW. Također je proračunom opisana ekonomičnost između najčešće korištenih vrsta goriva u odnosu na biomasu. Ekonomski je sječka kao biomasa ekonomsko jedna od najisplativijih izvora topline, relativno je automatizirana, osim dostave goriva, čija cijena nije uračunata, te se očekuje sve veće njezino iskorištenje u budućnosti. One of the renewable energy sources is biomass, which is a source of energy of biological origin, and appears in the form of firewood, branches and wood waste from forestry, sawdust, bark and wood residues, most often from the wood industry, as disposal. Wood biomass has the widest application, and one of the forms is wood chips. Over centuries, energy utilization of forest or wood biomass has been primary and one of the only sources of energy. Its application has significantly decreased with the advent of fossil fuels and electrical energy. According to Article 3. Zakona o energiji (NN 68/2001, 177/2004, 76/2007, 152/2008 i 127/2010), biomass has been determined as a biodegradable part of products, residues and waste from agriculture (including plant and animal substances), forestry and wood industry as well as biodegradable parts of municipal and industrial waste, all of which are allowed to be used for energy. It is directly used as a fuel in fireboxes of various designs and dimensions, from stoves and boilers to heating, fireplaces to large power plants, heating plants and others. Combustion of biomass produces heat and often electricity. [10] Wood chips are pieces of wood biomass of various dimensions and shapes created by cutting and chopping wood raw material. They are most used in fireboxes with a heat output greater than 50 kW up to more MW, which means in boilers for central heating of family houses, residential, public and business buildings, homes and restaurants, hotels, as well as industrial power plants and thermal power plants. [10] In this diploma thesis, all parts of a 1 MW biomass hot water plant are described and dimensioned in detail. The calculation also describes the economy between the most commonly used fuels in relation to biomass. Wood chips as biomass are economically one of the most costeffective sources of heat. It is relatively automated, with the exception of the delivery of fuel, the price which is excluded and is expected to increase its use in the future. |
