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Introduction: Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of the fungi, many of which are occurring frequently in food, but due to their low toxicity, or unavailable data on toxicity, they are not yet regulated. To be able to assess the exposure to mycotoxins, urine is one of the most often used matrix for mycotoxin biomarkers. Materials and methods: The presence of regulated but also unregulated mycotoxins was determined in Croatian cereals during four years. During this time, several different weather conditions were exchanging from rainy 2014. season to dry 2017., and in accordance to the weather conditions, different mycotoxins were detected in cereals. In addition, two studies on the mycotoxin biomarkers were conducted. All methods used validated HPLC-FLD or LC-MS/MS methods for quantification of mycotoxins [1-4]. Results: The exposure to mycotoxins can be assessed by the known amount of mycotoxins in food, and the intake of the food by individuals, and this is often very difficult task. On the other hand, the exposure can be assessed by the determination of mycotoxin biomarkers in urine (as the media for primary mycotoxin excretion). There were two studies on the exposure of Croatian pregnant population to mycotoxins, and their metabolism – one revealed different glucuronidation of ochratoxnin A and ochratoxin α [1], and other high exposure to deoxynivalenol [2]. To be able to detect other mycotoxins in urine more sensitive methods had to be developed, since in Europe exposure to mycotoxins in mainly low. Therefore, new ultra-sensitive method for quantification of multiple urinary mycotoxin exposure biomarkers was developed, and used for screening of mycotoxin exposure at ppq levels [3]. Conclusions: All tested samples had at least one of tested mycotoxin positive, so nonregulated mycotoxins are highly occurring in Croatian cereals. Due to relative low concentrations of detected mycotoxins, not all urine samples were positive on the mycotoxin exposure biomarkers. Literature: optional, referred using TNR 10 single spaced, as showed below: [1] Klapec T, Šarkanj B, Banjari I, Strelec I: Food Chem Toxicol, 2012, 50, 4487-4492. [2] Šarkanj B, Warth B, Uhlig S, Abia WA, Sulyok M, Klapec T, Krska R, Banjari I Food Chem Toxicol, 2013, 62, 231-237. [3] Šarkanj B, Ezekiel NC, Turner CP, Abia AW, Rychlik M, Krska R, Sulyok M, Warth B Anal Chim Acta, 2018, 1019, 84-92. [4] Malachová A, Sulyok M, Beltrán E, Berthiller F, Krska R J Chromatogr A 2014, 1362, 145 – 156. |
