| Abstrakt: |
This study aimed to identify the determinants of economic growth (Y) in Kazakhstan over the period 1990-2022. In other words, the effects of urbanization (URB), natural resources (NR), trade openness (TO), foreign direct investment (FDI), and ICT variables on Y were to be determined. In the study, ARDL method and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine the short and long-term effects. As a result of the analysis, it was found that URB, TO, FDI, and ICT increased Y in the short and long run. On the other hand, NR did not affect Y. The results of the VECM revealed a bilateral causality between URB, TO, FDI, ICT, and Y in the short and long run. Finally, no causality was found between NR and Y. These findings may help policymakers in realizing Kazakhstan's economic development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
