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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a rare oil crop that originated in the "fertile crescent" region, which includes Mesopotamia and Lebanon. One only species of the Carthamus genus, known as Carthamus palaestinus, is commonly used for agricultural purposes. The study of safflower genetics is currently focused on molecular technologies. Researchers have developed sets of molecular markers to identify specific traits such as flower color caused by flavonoids, oil content, drought and salinity resistance, and their location in the genome was revealed. Safflower is a resilient and promising crop for southern Ukraine, as it can withstand drought, high summer temperatures, and cool spring temperatures. It is also resistant to salinity. In fact, experiments have been conducted in the semi-deserts of Turkey, where safflower was cultivated using saline wastewater. Surprisingly, the use of these saline waters did not negatively affect the oil content or other plant traits. This technology shows promise for growing safflower for biodiesel production. To ensure future success in safflower breeding, it is important to study the promising genetic material in collections. Researchers analyze safflower collections for variability and donor properties of various traits, including color, fruit and seed production, head diameter, 1000 seed weight, petal yield, oil content, oleic acid content, and growing season length. Significant phenotypic diversity has been observed for important agronomic traits, such as plant height (60.08--121.48 cm), number of heads per plant plant (8.7--80.4), seeds per head (15--42.05), and seed yield per plant (4.85-- 51.02 g). Selection varieties with high oil percentages up to 45%, such as Montola 2001, have shown promising results, as well as varieties with high levels of oleic acid (e.g., Morlin), linoleic acid, alpha-tocopherols, and phenolic glucosides. The composition of safflower oil varies among samples, with up to 13 fatty acids detected. Linoleic acid is the most abundant (58.8 % to 82.6 %), followed by oleic (7.3 % to 22.8 %) and palmitic acids (4.8 % to 8.8 %). The cultivation technology greatly influences safflower yields. Research has developed a yield model that demonstrates an average maximum residue amplitude of only 0.27 tons per hectare. In Romania, foliar feeding techniques were employed to determine safflower's production potential and develop cultivation elements. The study found that the use of non-fertilized options, regardless of the tillage system or genotype, did not significantly impact productivity. However, when three technological factors of production were combined, significant differences in yields were observed. In Kazakhstan, a biologized technology of organic farming has been developed, which increases safflower yields by 26.66- 35.38% compared to traditional methods. This approach also results in high oil content, ranging from 30.0% to 39.95%. Phytomeliorative role of safflower in improving agrophysical, agrochemical and biological indicators of dark chestnut soils has been proven. These studies provide evidence of the potential of safflower cultivation. In Ukraine, safflower breeding is exclusively conducted at the Institute of Oilseed Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. The institute is actively involved in the study of the existing safflower collection, updating the database of important safflower characteristics. By cultivating samples in various weather conditions, they aim to identify the best sources of economically valuable traits. The objective of our research was to assess the productivity elements of safflower in Zaporozhye and select high- yielding, high-oil, and large-seeded samples from the collection. The safflower samples from the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS were used as the research material. The experiment took place in 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2022 at the institute's experimental field. Safflower was sown in pairs, with pre-sowing cultivation performed to a depth of 6-8 cm. The samples were sown in rows with a row spacing of 35 cm on two-row plots measuring 2 m in length. Throughout the growing season, biometric measurements were taken for each sample at all sites, with five plants sampled from the middle of each plot. The yield was recorded by collecting the plot's produce based on its area. Evaluation of seed quality was carried out according to DSTU guidelines. In 2012, we analyzed samples of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and identified five samples that displayed promising results. These samples were selected for further research. By using quantitative indicators, we were able to estimate the crop yield potential. Quantitative indicators encompassed productivity elements such as the number of branches, heads, leaves, and seeds per plant, as well as the head diameter and the weight of 1000 seeds. Additionally, qualitative indicators such as plant height, seed oiliness, and oil composition were also studied. Sample 157/1 UE0900046 and variety Lagidnyi UE0900052 in 2012 and 2013 had the largest mass of 1000 seeds -- 50.44 g and 55.00 g in 2012, and 50.44 g and 55.24 g in 2013, respectively. In 2016, sample 157/1 UE0900046 again had the largest mass of 1000 seeds, 41.50 g. In 2022, the weight of 1000 seeds of Sonachny UE0900017 and 157/1 UE0900046 samples was 55.17 g and 56.14 g, respectively. Summarizing observations on the weight of 1000 seeds, it turned out that the consistently large seed has the 157/1 UE0900046 sample. Productivity was calculated as the yield from one plant. In 2012 - 2013, sample 129/k UE0900045 showed the highest yield from one plant: 27.10 g and 9.90 g, respectively. In 2016, sample 157/1 UE0900046 stood out with the highest yield - 11.78 g. Also, this sample had the highest yield from one plant in 2016 - 38.47 g. The highest oil content in 2012 and 2016 was in sample 129/k UE0900045 -- 34.38% and 32.65%, respectively; in 2013 the Soniachnyi variety UE0900017 -- 26.66%; in 2016 sample 157/1 UE0900046 -- 31.98%. Summarizing the results of four years of research in the conditions of Zaporizhzhia, sample 157/1 UE0900046 was the best, which had high productivity components: the weight of 1000 seeds was 47.2g, the yield per plant was 17.98g. However, the highest number of branches, heads and head diameter indicate a high yield potential for sample 129/k UE0900045. Comparing the obtained actual results of safflower yield elements in the Zaporizhzhia zone with world indicators from other studies, it was determined that the studied material in the conditions of Zaporizhzhia was inferior in oil content to that in foreign studies, where up to 45% oil in the seeds was observed. In other world studies, higher productivity components were found in individual samples of safflower, for example, up to 80 branches and up to 50 g of seeds per plant. However, these studies were not conducted for several years like ours and therefore they may have exceptional results. The research indicated that the weather conditions in 2016 were unfavorable for safflower cultivation. In other years, the weather conditions were more or less favorable for cultivation, with 2022 being the best year. In particular, the conditions of 2016 were too wet for a dry crop, and there was a significant incidence of Septoria disease, which significantly affected the yield potential. Based on the results of research, it was found that samples of safflower have a yield per plant from 27.10 to 38.47 g, the seed oil content from 26.66 to 34.38%. Samples 129/k UE0900045 and 157/1 UE0900046 were selected with a seed yield of 27.10 g and 38.47 g, respectively. The oil content of these samples was also high, 129/k UE0900045 -- 34.38 %, 157/1 UE0900046 -- 31.98 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
