The Levels of Biomarkers Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Non-Invasive Conventional Rehabilitation and Robotic Rehabilitation Among Brain Injury Patients: A Narrative Review.

Autor:	Mohd Khairi NAA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS., Hanafi MH; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS., Kassim NK; School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS., Ibrahim AH; School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS., W Ahmad WMA; School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, MYS.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Cureus [Cureus] 2024 Aug 31; Vol. 16 (8), pp. e68332. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 31 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI:	10.7759/cureus.68332
Abstrakt:	Acquired brain injury (ABI) is becoming increasingly common in Malaysia as a result of a rise in both strokes and accidents. The present review aims to explore the levels of serum inflammatory markers of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following conventional and robotic rehabilitation regimes among ABI patients and the association between serum biomarkers with the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale for muscle strength. Online databases, namely ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar were utilized by using search terms such as 'Definition of brain injury', 'Epidemiology of brain injury', 'Interleukin-1 in stroke', 'BDNF in stroke', 'Interleukin-1 in traumatic brain injury', 'BDNF in traumatic brain injury', 'Interleukin-1 level and robotic rehabilitation', 'BDNF and robotic rehabilitation', 'Interleukin-1 level and neurorehabilitation', and 'BDNF and neurorehabilitation'. All types of articles with different levels of evidence were included along with other relevant review articles. Articles that were not in English and were not available in the full text were excluded. The review identifies similar and no significant improvement in the treatment between conventional rehabilitation and robotic rehabilitation concerning serum biomarkers IL-1 and BDNF. This review also identifies that muscle strength and endurance training improved the level of serum BDNF in brain injury patients. Therefore, this review provides evidence of the levels of IL-1 and BDNF in non-invasive conventional rehabilitation and robotic rehabilitation among brain injury patients, as well as their relation with the MRC scale, to give a good functional outcome that will enhance the quality of life of these groups of individuals. Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. (Copyright © 2024, Mohd Khairi et al.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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