In-vivo and in-vitro toxicity evaluation of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline: An antimicrobial found in a traditional herbal medicine.

Autor: Alfadil A; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Alsamhan H; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Ali A; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Alkreathy H; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Alrabia MW; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Fatani A; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., A Ibrahem K; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2024 Aug 20; Vol. 19 (8), pp. e0300079. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Aug 20 (Print Publication: 2024).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300079
Abstrakt: 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline (DMQ) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial phytochemical. This study aims to assess its toxicological profile. In vitro studies conducted in appropriate cell cultures, included assessment of cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. An in vivo study was conducted in mice to determine acute oral toxicity (AOT), and subacute oral toxicity (SAOT). Acute dermal toxicity (ADT) was conducted in rats. All in-vitro toxicity studies of DMQ had negative results at concentrations ≤100 μM except for a non-significant reduction in the ATP in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell culture. The median lethal dose of DMQ was higher than 2000 mg/kg. All animals survived the scheduled necropsy and none showed any alteration in clinical signs. Biochemistry analysis revealed a significant difference between the satellite and control groups, showing an increase in platelet counts and white blood cell counts by 99.8% and 188.8%, respectively. Histology revealed enlargement of renal corpuscles; hyperplasia of testosterone-secreting cells; and dilatation of coronaries and capillaries. The present data suggests an acceptable safety profile of DMQ in rodents except for thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, and histological changes in high doses that need further investigation.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2024 Alfadil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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