A review of epidural and non-epidural contrast flow patterns during fluoroscopic and CT-guided epidural steroid injections.

Autor:	Madhavan AA; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Liebo GB; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Baffour F; Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Diehn FE; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Maus TP; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Murthy NS; Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Rhodes NG; Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Tiegs-Heiden CA; Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences [Interv Neuroradiol] 2024 Jan 05, pp. 15910199231221857. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 05.
DOI:	10.1177/15910199231221857
Abstrakt:	Epidural steroid injections are commonly performed using fluoroscopic or CT guidance. With both modalities, the injection of contrast material is necessary before steroid administration to ensure adequate epidural flow and exclude non-epidural flow. While fluoroscopic guidance is conventional, CT is utilized at some centers and can be particularly helpful in the setting of challenging or postoperative anatomy. It is important for proceduralists to be adept at evaluating contrast media flow patterns under both modalities. The goal of this review article is to describe and provide examples of epidural and non-epidural flow patterns on both conventional fluoroscopy and CT. Specific non-epidural patterns discussed include intrathecal flow, intradural/subdural flow, vascular uptake, flow into the retrodural space of Okada, inadvertent facet joint flow, and intradiscal flow. Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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