| Autor: |
Cimmino G; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy., Natale F; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Alfieri R; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Cante L; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Covino S; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Franzese R; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Limatola M; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Marotta L; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Molinari R; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Mollo N; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Loffredo FS; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy., Golino P; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.; Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy. |
| Abstrakt: |
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc., still represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They significantly modify the patients' quality of life with a tremendous economic impact. It is well established that cardiovascular risk factors increase the probability of fatal and non-fatal cardiac events. These risk factors are classified into modifiable (smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, high-fat and high-calorie diet, reduced physical activity) and non-modifiable (sex, age, family history, of previous cardiovascular disease). Hence, CVD prevention is based on early identification and management of modifiable risk factors whose impact on the CV outcome is now performed by the use of CV risk assessment models, such as the Framingham Risk Score, Pooled Cohort Equations, or the SCORE2. However, in recent years, emerging, non-traditional factors (metabolic and non-metabolic) seem to significantly affect this assessment. In this article, we aim at defining these emerging factors and describe the potential mechanisms by which they might contribute to the development of CVD. |
