Dialysate regeneration via urea photodecomposition with TiO 2 nanowires at therapeutic rates.

Autor:	Shao G; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA., Tang H; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA., Ren S; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, USA., Creason SA; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Faisal S; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Galperin A; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Aliseda A; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Gao D; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Ratner B; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA., Hinds BJ; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.; Center for Dialysis Innovation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, USA.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Artificial organs [Artif Organs] 2023 Jul; Vol. 47 (7), pp. 1174-1183. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 28.
DOI:	10.1111/aor.14514
Abstrakt:	Background: The standard weekly treatment for end-stage renal disease patients is three 4-h-long hemodialysis sessions with each session c'onsuming over 120 L of clean dialysate, which prevents the development of portable or continuous ambulatory dialysis treatments. The regeneration of a small (~1 L) amount of dialysate would enable treatments that give conditions close to continuous hemostasis and improve patient quality of life through mobility. Methods: Small-scale studies have shown that nanowires of TiO 2 are highly efficient at photodecomposing urea into CO 2 and N 2 when using an applied bias and an air permeable cathode. To enable the demonstration of a dialysate regeneration system at therapeutically useful rates, a scalable microwave hydrothermal synthesis of single crystal TiO 2 nanowires grown directly from conductive substrates was developed. These were incorporated into 1810 cm 2 flow channel arrays. The regenerated dialysate samples were treated with activated carbon (2 min at 0.2 g/mL). Results: The photodecomposition system achieved the therapeutic target of 14.2 g urea removal in 24 h. TiO 2 electrode had a high urea removal photocurrent efficiency of 91%, with less than 1% of the decomposed urea generating NH 4 + (1.04 μg/h/cm 2 ), 3% generating NO 3 - and 0.5% generating chlorine species. Activated carbon treatment could reduce total chlorine concentration from 0.15 to <0.02 mg/L. The regenerated dialysate showed significant cytotoxicity which could be removed by treatment with activated carbon. Additionally, a forward osmosis membrane with sufficient urea flux can cut off the mass transfer of the by-products back into the dialysate. Conclusion: Urea could be removed from spent dialysate at a therapeutic rate using a TiO 2 based photooxidation unit, which can enable portable dialysis systems. (© 2023 International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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