The death of King Charles XII of Sweden revisited.
| Autor: | Junno JA; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.; Department of Anatomy, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland., Niskanen M; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland., Maijanen H; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland., Niinimäki J; Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland., Junno A; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland., Oura P; Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.; Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | PNAS nexus [PNAS Nexus] 2022 Oct 11; Vol. 1 (5), pp. pgac234. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Oct 11 (Print Publication: 2022). |
| DOI: | 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac234 |
| Abstrakt: | The death of King Charles XII of Sweden has remained as a mystery for more than three centuries. Was he assassinated by his own men or killed by the enemy fire? Charles was killed by a projectile perforating his skull from left to right. In this study, we utilized a Synbone ballistic skull phantom and modern radiological imaging to clarify the factors behind the observed head injuries. We examined whether a musket ball fired from the enemy lines would be the most potential projectile. Our experiments with a leaden 19.5 mm musket ball demonstrated that at velocities of 200 to 250 m/s, it could cause similar type of injuries as observed in the remains of Charles . The radiological imaging supported the theory that the projectile was not a leaden but of some harder metal, as we could detect remnants of lead inside the wound channel unlike in Charles' case. In addition, our experiments showed that a 19.5mm musket ball produces max. 17mm hole into a felt material . The main evidence supporting 19.5 mm projectile size has been a 19-19.5mm bullet hole in a hat that Charles was wearing during his death. Additional experiments with a 25.4 mm steel ball produced approximately 20 mm hole in the felt. As our musket ball experiments also resulted in considerably smaller cranial injuries than those in Charles' case, we can conclude that the deadly projectile wasn't leaden and was more than 19.5 mm in diameter, potentially an iron cartouche ball that was shot from the enemy lines. (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences.) |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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