| Autor: |
Wilson AM; Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizonagrid.134563.6, Tucson, Arizona, USA., Martin SL; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Science, Michigan State Universitygrid.17088.36, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., Verhougstraete MP; Department of Community, Environment & Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizonagrid.134563.6, Tucson, Arizona, USA., Kendall AD; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Science, Michigan State Universitygrid.17088.36, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., Zimmer-Faust AG; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, USA., Rose JB; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State Universitygrid.17088.36, East Lansing, Michigan, USA., Bell ML; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizonagrid.134563.6, Tucson, Arizona, USA., Hyndman DW; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Science, Michigan State Universitygrid.17088.36, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.; Department of Geosciences, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Texas, Richardson, Texas, USA. |
| Abstrakt: |
Despite the widely acknowledged public health impacts of surface water fecal contamination, there is limited understanding of seasonal effects on (i) fate and transport processes and (ii) the mechanisms by which they contribute to water quality impairment. Quantifying relationships between land use, chemical parameters, and fecal bacterial concentrations in watersheds can help guide the monitoring and control of microbial water quality and explain seasonal differences. The goals of this study were to (i) identify seasonal differences in Escherichia coli and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron concentrations, (ii) evaluate environmental drivers influencing microbial contamination during baseflow, snowmelt, and summer rain seasons, and (iii) relate seasonal changes in B. thetaiotaomicron to anticipated gastrointestinal infection risks. Water chemistry data collected during three hydroclimatic seasons from 64 Michigan watersheds were analyzed using seasonal linear regression models with candidate variables including crop and land use proportions, prior precipitation, chemical parameters, and variables related to both wastewater treatment and septic usage. Adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) linear regression with bootstrapping was used to select explanatory variables and estimate coefficients. Regardless of season, wastewater treatment plant and septic system usage were consistently selected in all primary models for B. thetaiotaomicron and E. coli. Chemistry and precipitation-related variable selection depended upon season and organism. These results suggest a link between human pollution (e.g., septic systems) and microbial water quality that is dependent on flow regime. IMPORTANCE In this study, a data set of 64 Michigan watersheds was utilized to gain insights into fecal contamination sources, drivers, and chemical correlates across seasons for general E. coli and human-specific fecal indicators. Results reaffirmed a link between human-specific sources (e.g., septic systems) and microbial water quality. While the importance of human sources of fecal contamination and fate and transport variables (e.g., precipitation) remain important across seasons, this study provides evidence that fate and transport mechanisms vary with seasonal hydrologic condition and microorganism source. This study contributes to a body of research that informs prioritization of fecal contamination source control and surveillance strategy development to reduce the public health burden of surface water fecal contamination. |
