Is maternal employment site a source of exposure misclassification in studies of environmental exposures and birth outcomes? A simulation-based bias analysis of haloacetic acids in tap water and hypospadias.

Autor:	Zaganjor I; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina., Keil AP; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina., Luben TJ; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.; Epidemiology Branch, Public Health and Environmental Systems Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina., Desrosiers TA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina., Engel LS; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina., Reefhuis J; Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia., Michalski AM; New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Albany, New York., Langlois PH; Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Austin, Texas., Olshan AF; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) [Environ Epidemiol] 2022 Mar 31; Vol. 6 (2), pp. e207. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 31 (Print Publication: 2022).
DOI:	10.1097/EE9.0000000000000207
Abstrakt:	In population research, exposure to environmental contaminants is often indirectly assessed by linking residence to geocoded databases of environmental exposures. We explored the potential for misclassification of residence-based environmental exposure as a result of not accounting for the workplace environments of employed pregnant women using data from a National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) analysis of drinking water haloacetic acids and hypospadias. Methods: The original analysis used NBDPS data from women with haloacetic acid exposure information in eight states who delivered an infant with second- or third-degree hypospadias (cases) or a male infant without a birth defect (controls) between 2000 and 2005. In this bias analysis, we used a uniform distribution to randomly select 11%-14% of employed women that were assumed to change municipal water systems between home and work and imputed new contaminant exposures for tap water beverages consumed at work among the selected women using resampled values from the control population. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between hypospadias and haloacetic acid ingestion with the same covariates and exposure cut-points as the original study. We repeated this process across 10,000 iterations and then completed a sensitivity analysis of an additional 10,000 iterations where we expanded the uniform distribution (i.e., 0%, 28%). Results: In both simulations, the average results of the 10,000 iterations were nearly identical to those of the initial study. Conclusions: Our results suggest that household estimates may be sufficient proxies for worksite exposures to haloacetic acids in tap water. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report. (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The Environmental Epidemiology. All rights reserved.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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