Key steps in vaccine development.
| Autor: | Stern PL; Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, UK. Electronic address: peter.stern@cruk.manchester.ac.uk. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology [Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol] 2020 Jul; Vol. 125 (1), pp. 17-27. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Feb 07. |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.025 |
| Abstrakt: | Objective: The goal of a vaccine is to prime the immune response so the immune memory can facilitate a rapid response to adequately control the pathogen on natural infection and prevent disease manifestation. This article reviews the main elements that provide for the development of safe and effective vaccines. Data Sources: Literature covering target pathogen epidemiology, the key aspects of the functioning immune response underwriting target antigen selection, optimal vaccine formulation, preclinical and clinical trial studies necessary to deliver safe and efficacious immunization. Study Selections: Whole live, inactivated, attenuated, or partial fractionated organism-based vaccines are discussed in respect of the balance of reactogenicity and immunogenicity. The use of adjuvants to compensate for reduced immunogenicity is described. The requirements from preclinical studies, including establishing a proof of principle in animal models, the design of clinical trials with healthy volunteers that lead to licensure and beyond are reviewed. Results: The 3 vaccine development phases, preclinical, clinical, and post-licensure, integrate the requirements to ensure safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in the final licensed product. Continuing monitoring of efficacy and safety in the immunized populations is essential to sustain confidence in vaccination programs. Conclusion: In an era of increasing vaccine hesitancy, the need for a better and widespread understanding of how immunization acts to counteract the continuing and changing risks from the pathogenic world is required. This demands a societal responsibility for obligate education on the benefits of vaccination, which as a medical intervention has saved more lives than any other procedure. (Copyright © 2020 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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