Fear of the dark? Contrasting impacts of humans versus lynx on diel activity of roe deer across Europe.

Autor: Bonnot NC; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden.; UR EFNO, Irstea, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France., Couriot O; CEFS, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France., Berger A; Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany., Cagnacci F; Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy., Ciuti S; Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology and Behaviour, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland., De Groeve JE; Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium., Gehr B; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland., Heurich M; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.; Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany., Kjellander P; Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden., Kröschel M; Division of Wildlife Ecology, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany.; Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany., Morellet N; CEFS, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France., Sönnichsen L; Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.; Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland., Hewison AJM; CEFS, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: The Journal of animal ecology [J Anim Ecol] 2020 Jan; Vol. 89 (1), pp. 132-145. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Dec 26.
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13161
Abstrakt: Humans, as super predators, can have strong effects on wildlife behaviour, including profound modifications of diel activity patterns. Subsequent to the return of large carnivores to human-modified ecosystems, many prey species have adjusted their spatial behaviour to the contrasting landscapes of fear generated by both their natural predators and anthropogenic pressures. The effects of predation risk on temporal shifts in diel activity of prey, however, remain largely unexplored in human-dominated landscapes. We investigated the influence of the density of lynx Lynx lynx, a nocturnal predator, on the diel activity patterns of their main prey, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus, across a gradient of human disturbance and hunting at the European scale. Based on 11 million activity records from 431 individually GPS-monitored roe deer in 12 populations within the EURODEER network (http://eurodeer.org), we investigated how lynx predation risk in combination with both lethal and non-lethal human activities affected the diurnality of deer. We demonstrated marked plasticity in roe deer diel activity patterns in response to spatio-temporal variations in risk, mostly due to human activities. In particular, roe deer decreased their level of diurnality by a factor of 1.37 when the background level of general human disturbance was high. Hunting exacerbated this effect, as during the hunting season deer switched most of their activity to night-time and, to a lesser extent, to dawn, although this pattern varied noticeably in relation to lynx density. Indeed, in the presence of lynx, their main natural predator, roe deer were relatively more diurnal. Overall, our results revealed a strong influence of human activities and the presence of lynx on diel shifts in roe deer activity. In the context of the recovery of large carnivores across Europe, we provide important insights about the effects of predators on the behavioural responses of their prey in human-dominated ecosystems. Modifications in the temporal partitioning of ungulate activity as a response to human activities may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence, but likely also have knock-on effects for predator-prey interactions, with cascading effects on ecosystem functioning.
(© 2019 British Ecological Society.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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