| Autor: |
Winters AE; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia., White AM; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia., Dewi AS; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.; Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, 10260, Indonesia., Mudianta IW; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.; Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Jl. Udayana No. 11, Singaraja, Bali, 81116, Indonesia., Wilson NG; Molecular Systematics Unit, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool, WA, 6106, Australia.; School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia., Forster LC; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia., Garson MJ; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. m.garson@uq.edu.au., Cheney KL; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. k.cheney@uq.edu.au. |
| Abstrakt: |
Many plants and animals store toxic or unpalatable compounds in tissues that are easily encountered by predators during attack. Defensive compounds can be produced de novo, or obtained from dietary sources and stored directly without selection or modification, or can be selectively sequestered or biotransformed. Storage strategies should be optimized to produce effective defence mechanisms but also prevent autotoxicity of the host. Nudibranch molluscs utilize a diverse range of chemical defences, and we investigated the accumulation and distribution of defensive secondary metabolites in body tissues of 19 species of Chromodorididae nudibranchs. We report different patterns of distribution across tissues, where: 1) the mantle had more or different (but structurally related) compounds than the viscera; 2) all compounds in the mantle were also in the viscera; and 3) the mantle had fewer compounds than the viscera. We found no further examples of species that selectively store a single compound, previously reported in Chromodoris species. Consistent with other studies, we found high concentrations of metabolites in mantle rim tissues compared to the viscera. Using bioassays, compounds in the mantle were more toxic than compounds found in the viscera for Glossodoris vespa Rudman, 1990 and Ceratosoma brevicaudatum Abraham, 1876. In G. vespa, compounds in the mantle were also more unpalatable to palaemonid shrimp than compounds found in the viscera. This indicates that these species may modify compounds to increase bioactivity for defensive purposes and/or selectively store more toxic compounds. We highlight clear differences in the storage of sequestered chemical defences, which may have important implications for species to employ effective defences against a range of predators. |
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