| Autor: |
Delgado-Enciso I; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico.; Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico., Paz-Michel B; Esteripharma México, México City 03100, Mexico., Melnikov V; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico., Guzman-Esquivel J; Research Unit, IMSS Hospital General de Zona No. 1, Villa de Álvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico., Espinoza-Gomez F; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico., Soriano-Hernandez AD; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico.; Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico., Rodriguez-Sanchez IP; Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Nuevo Leon Autonomous University, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico., Martinez-Fierro ML; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico., Ceja-Espiritu G; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico.; Research Unit, IMSS Hospital General de Zona No. 1, Villa de Álvarez, Colima 28983, Mexico., Olmedo-Buenrostro BA; School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28030, Mexico., Galvan-Salazar HR; Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico.; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico., Delgado-Enciso OG; Ethics Foundation, Study and Cancer Research of The State Institute of Cancerology of Colima, Colima 28000, Mexico., Delgado-Enciso J; Ethics Foundation, Study and Cancer Research of The State Institute of Cancerology of Colima, Colima 28000, Mexico., Lopez-Lemus UA; Department of Health Sciences, Biodefense and Global Infectious Diseases Center, Colima 28000, Mexico., Montes-Galindo DA; Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, Mexico. |
| Abstrakt: |
Arthralgia is a potentially incapacitating condition and a persistent symptom in chronic or acute episodes of Chikungunya fever caused by infection with the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on risk factors associated with the intensity of arthralgias in typical acute episodes of the disease. Although a number of studies have reported on risk factors associated with the development of the chronic stage of the disease, smoking habits have not been analyzed. Smoking is an interesting factor to consider since it is the main environmental risk factor for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a similar disease to CHIKV in many aspects. In the present study, 140 patients infected with CHIKV were assessed for risk factors associated with severe arthralgia intensity in the acute phase (pain of 9/10 on the visual analog scale of 0-10) and moderate to severe intensity (according to the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3) 3.5 months after infection in patients that experienced the chronic phase of the disease. Women and smokers were 2- to 3-times more likely to experience severe pain in the acute and chronic stages. Likewise, the presence of severe arthralgia during the acute disease phase resulted in a 4-fold increased risk for entering the chronic phase. Smoking was a more important risk factor in males compared with females. Smoking resulted in a 20-fold increased risk for severe arthralgia during the acute phase in men, as well as a 10-fold increased risk for developing chronic disease with moderate-to-severe pain 3.5 months after the acute stage. The presence of rash, headache, muscular weakness or conjunctivitis in the acute phase, the presence of diabetes and age >40 years were considered significant risk factors due to their influence on illness progression. In conclusion, smoking and female sex were the main risk factors associated with development of severe joint pain in the acute and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever. These risk factors are similar to those associated with the development and severity of RA, possibly because the two diseases share pathophysiological mechanisms, including elevated interleukin-6 levels. |
