The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention.

Autor: Morgan IG; Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: ian.morgan@anu.edu.au., French AN; Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia., Ashby RS; Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faulty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia., Guo X; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA., Ding X; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China., He M; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia., Rose KA; Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Progress in retinal and eye research [Prog Retin Eye Res] 2018 Jan; Vol. 62, pp. 134-149. Date of Electronic Publication: 2017 Sep 23.
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004
Abstrakt: There is an epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of myopia in young adults around 80-90%, and an accompanying high prevalence of high myopia in young adults (10-20%). This may foreshadow an increase in low vision and blindness due to pathological myopia. These two epidemics are linked, since the increasingly early onset of myopia, combined with high progression rates, naturally generates an epidemic of high myopia, with high prevalences of "acquired" high myopia appearing around the age of 11-13. The major risk factors identified are intensive education, and limited time outdoors. The localization of the epidemic appears to be due to the high educational pressures and limited time outdoors in the region, rather than to genetically elevated sensitivity to these factors. Causality has been demonstrated in the case of time outdoors through randomized clinical trials in which increased time outdoors in schools has prevented the onset of myopia. In the case of educational pressures, evidence of causality comes from the high prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Jewish boys attending Orthodox schools in Israel compared to their sisters attending religious schools, and boys and girls attending secular schools. Combining increased time outdoors in schools, to slow the onset of myopia, with clinical methods for slowing myopic progression, should lead to the control of this epidemic, which would otherwise pose a major health challenge. Reforms to the organization of school systems to reduce intense early competition for accelerated learning pathways may also be important.
(Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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