Intravenous amino acid therapy for kidney protection in cardiac surgery a protocol for a multi-centre randomized blinded placebo controlled clinical trial. The PROTECTION trial

Autor: Landoni, Giovanni, Brambillasca, Claudio, Baiardo Redaelli, Martina, Bradić, Nikola, Ti, Lian Kah, Povšić-Čevra, Zdenko, Nepomniashchikh, Valery A., Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi, D'Ascenzo, Fabrizio, Romagnoli, Enrico, Scandroglio, Anna Mara, Ballotta, Andrea, Rondello, Nicola, Franco, Annalisa, Massaro, Cristiano, Viscido, Cristina, Calabrò, Maria Grazia, Garofalo, Eugenio, Canichella, Flaminia, Monaco, Fabrizio, Severi, Luca, Pisano, Antonio, Barucco, Gaia, Venditto, Maria, Federici, Francesco, Licheri, Margherita, Paternoster, Gianluca, Trompeo, Annachiara, Belletti, Alessandro, Mantovani, Lorenzo Filippo, Perone, Romina, Dalessandro, Giuseppe, Kroeller, Daniel, Haxhiademi, Dorela, Galbiati, Carola, Tripodi, Vincenzo Francesco, Giardina, Giuseppe, Lembo, Rosalba, Nakhnoukh, Cristina, Guarracino, Fabio, Longhini, Federico, Bove, Tiziana, Zangrillo, Alberto, Bellomo, Rinaldo, Fominskiy, Evgeny

Publikováno v: In Contemporary Clinical Trials October 2022 121

A Randomized Trial of Intravenous Amino Acids for Kidney Protection.

Autor: Landoni G; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Monaco F; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Ti LK; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Baiardo Redaelli M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Bradic N; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Comis M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Kotani Y; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Brambillasca C; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Garofalo E; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Scandroglio AM; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Viscido C; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Paternoster G; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Franco A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Porta S; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Ferrod F; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Calabrò MG; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Pisano A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Vendramin I; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Barucco G; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Federici F; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Severi L; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Belletti A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Cortegiani A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Bruni A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Galbiati C; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Covino A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Baryshnikova E; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Giardina G; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Venditto M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Kroeller D; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Nakhnoukh C; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Mantovani L; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Silvetti S; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Licheri M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Guarracino F; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Lobreglio R; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Di Prima AL; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Fresilli S; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Labanca R; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Mucchetti M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Lembo R; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Losiggio R; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Bove T; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Ranucci M; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Fominskiy E; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Longhini F; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Zangrillo A; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.)., Bellomo R; From the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute (G.L., F.M., M.B.R., A.M.S., A.F., M.G.C., G.B., A. Belletti, C.G., G.G., C.N., M.L., A.L.D.P., S.F., R. Labanca, M.M., R. Lembo, R. Losiggio, E.F., A.Z.), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (G.L., A.Z.), and Dipartimento di Chirurgia Cardiovascolare, Unità Operativa di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva, IRCCS Centro Cadiologico Monzino (C.B.), Milan, S.C. Anestesia e Rianimazione Cardiovascolare, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano Umberto I di Torino, Turin (M.C., C.V., S.P., F. Ferrod), the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital 'R. Dulbecco,' Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro (E.G., A. Bruni, F.L.), Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU San Carlo Hospital, Potenza (G.P., A. Covino), Cardiac Anesthesia and ICU, AORN 'Dei Colli,' Monaldi Hospital, Naples (A.P., M.V.), the Department of Medicine, University of Udine (I.V., T.B.), the Division of Cardiac Surgery, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale (I.V.), and the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, ASUFC University-Hospital of Central Friuli (T.B.), Udine, UOC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Andrea (F. Federici), and UO Complessa Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini (L.S.), Rome, the Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care, University of Palermo, and the Department of Anesthesia Analgesia Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo (A. Cortegiani), the Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (E.B., M.R.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Rozzano (D.K.), the Department of Anesthesia and ICU Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care and Research, Cotignola (L.M.), the Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS-IRCCS Cardiovascular Network, Genoa (S.S.), the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa (F.G.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Turin (R. Lobreglio) - all in Italy; the Department of Anaesthesia, National University Hospital, Singapore (L.K.T.); the Clinic of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Intensive Medicine, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, and University North, Department of Nursing, Varazdin - both in Croatia (N.B.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan (Y.K.); and the Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, and the Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital - all in Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R.B.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2024 Aug 22; Vol. 391 (8), pp. 687-698. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 12.