Type I interferon autoantibodies in hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome and association with outcomes and treatment effect of interferon beta-1b in MIRACLE clinical trial.

Autor: Alotaibi F; College of Science and Health Professions King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Alharbi NK; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Rosen LB; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD Bethesda USA., Asiri AY; Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Assiri AM; Ministry of Health Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Balkhy HH; Antimicrobial Resistance Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland., Al Jeraisy M; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Mandourah Y; Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia., AlJohani S; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia.; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Al Harbi S; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia.; Pharmaceutical Care Department King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Jokhdar HAA; Ministry of Health Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Deeb AM; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Memish ZA; Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, College of Medicine Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University Georgia Atlanta USA., Jose J; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Ghazal S; Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Al Faraj S; Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Al Mekhlafi GA; Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Sherbeeni NM; Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Elzein FE; Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia., AlMutairi BM; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Al-Dawood A; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia.; Intensive Care Department King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Abdullah ML; Experimental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Barhoumi T; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Alenazi MW; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Almasood A; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia., Holland SM; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) MD Bethesda USA., Arabi YM; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Riyadh Saudi Arabia.; Intensive Care Department King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

Publikováno v: Influenza and other respiratory viruses [Influenza Other Respir Viruses] 2023 Mar 21; Vol. 17 (3), pp. e13116. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 21 (Print Publication: 2023).

Interferon Beta-1b and Lopinavir-Ritonavir for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.

Autor: Arabi YM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Asiri AY; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Assiri AM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Balkhy HH; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Bshabshe A; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Jeraisy M; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Mandourah Y; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Azzam MHA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Bin Eshaq AM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Johani S; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Harbi S; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Jokhdar HAA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Deeb AM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Memish ZA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Jose J; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Ghazal S; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Faraj S; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Mekhlafi GA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Sherbeeni NM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Elzein FE; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al-Hameed F; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al Saedi A; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Alharbi NK; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Fowler RA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Hayden FG; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Al-Dawood A; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Abdelzaher M; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Bajhmom W; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., AlMutairi BM; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Hussein MA; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.)., Alothman A; From the Intensive Care Department (Y.M.A., A.A.-D.) and the Departments of Infection Prevention and Control (H.H.B.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.A.J.), Pharmaceutical Care (S.A.H.), and Medicine (A.A.), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, the College of Medicine (Y.M.A., S.A.J., A.A.-D., A.A.) and the College of Pharmacy (M.A.J., S.A.H.), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital (A.Y.A., Z.A.M., S.G., S.A.F.), Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health (A.M.A.), and Deputyship for Public Health (H.A.A.J.), Ministry of Health, Clinical Trials Services (M.A.J., A.M.D., B.M.A.) and the Departments of Biostatistics and Informatics (J.J., M.A.H.) and Infectious Disease Research (N.K.A.), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, the Military Medical Services, Ministry of Defense (Y.M.), the Department of Intensive Care Services (G.A.A.M.), and the Infectious Diseases Division (N.M.S., F.E.E.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City, and the College of Medicine, Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha (A.A.B.), Medical Services (M.H.A.A.) and the Department of Critical Care Medicine (M.A.), King Abdullah Medical Complex, the Health Directorate, Ministry of Health (M.H.A.A.), and the Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health (W.B.), the Intensive Care Department (F.A.-H.) and the Department of Infection Prevention and Control (A.A.S.), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, and the College of Medicine and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (F.A.-H., A.A.S.), Jeddah, and the Intensive Care Department, King Khalid Hospital, Najran (A.M.B.E.) - all in Saudi Arabia; the World Health Organization, Geneva (H.H.B.); the Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (Z.A.M.); the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto (R.A.F.); and the Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (F.G.H.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2020 Oct 22; Vol. 383 (17), pp. 1645-1656. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Oct 07.

Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome with a combination of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-β1b (MIRACLE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Autor: Arabi YM; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. arabi@ngha.med.sa.; Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. arabi@ngha.med.sa.; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK. arabi@ngha.med.sa., Alothman A; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Balkhy HH; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Al-Dawood A; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., AlJohani S; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Al Harbi S; College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Kojan S; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Al Jeraisy M; College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Deeb AM; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Assiri AM; Infection Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Al-Hameed F; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., AlSaedi A; College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Mandourah Y; Department of Intensive Care Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Almekhlafi GA; Department of Intensive Care Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Sherbeeni NM; Infectious Diseases Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Elzein FE; Infectious Diseases Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Memon J; Intensive Care Section, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia., Taha Y; Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia., Almotairi A; Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Maghrabi KA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Qushmaq I; Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Al Bshabshe A; Department of Critical Care Medicine, King Khalid University, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia., Kharaba A; Department of Critical Care, King Fahad Hospital, Ohoud Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah, Saudi Arabia., Shalhoub S; Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia., Jose J; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Fowler RA; AMR Infection Control and Publications AIP/PED/HSE/HQ, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D478, Toronto, ON, Canada.; Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Hospital, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D478, Toronto, ON, Canada., Hayden FG; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA., Hussein MA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Publikováno v: Trials [Trials] 2018 Jan 30; Vol. 19 (1), pp. 81. Date of Electronic Publication: 2018 Jan 30.