Effect of Ventilator Mode on Ventilator-Free Days in Critically Ill Adults: A Randomized Trial.

Autor: Seitz KP; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN., Lloyd BD; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nashville, TN., Wang L; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN., Shotwell MS; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN., Qian ET; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN.; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Nashville, TN., Muhs AL; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN., Richardson RK; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Rooks JC; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Hennings-Williams V; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Sandoval CE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Richardson WD; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Morgan TL; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Thompson AN; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Hastings PG; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Ring TP; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Respiratory Care, Nashville, TN., Stollings JL; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Nashville, TN., Talbot EM; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN., Krasinski DJ; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN., DeCoursey BR; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN., Marvi TK; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Aurora, CO., DeMasi SC; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nashville, TN., Gibbs KW; Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Disease, Winston-Salem, NC., Self WH; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nashville, TN.; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN., Mixon AS; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Nashville, TN.; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN., Rice TW; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN.; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN., Semler MW; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, TN.

Publikováno v: MedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences [medRxiv] 2024 Oct 09. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Oct 09.

Noninvasive Ventilation for Preoxygenation during Emergency Intubation.

Autor: Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Stempek SB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Taylor C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Doerschug KC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Mohamed A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Khan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Andrea L; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Aggarwal NR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Brainard JC; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Barnett LH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Halliday SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Blinder V; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Walker JE Jr; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Barker AB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Muhs A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Wozniak JM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Kramer PJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Withers C; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Schwartz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Moskowitz A; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Allada G; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Fein DG; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Sottile PD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Kelly N; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Alwood SM; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Long MT; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Malhotra R; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Thomas CB; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Bebarta VS; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Rhoads J; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Womack K; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.)., Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases (K.W.G., J.A.P.), the Department of Anesthesiology, Section of Critical Care Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (M.W.S., K.P.S., A. Muhs, T.W.R., J.R., K.W., J.D.C.), the Departments of Emergency Medicine (W.H.S., B.D.L.) and Biostatistics (B.I.), and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (W.H.S., B.D.L.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Emergency Medicine (B.E.D., M.E.P., S.J. Hansen) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J. Hansen), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington (S.B.S., J.M.W.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (C.T., P.J.K.); the Department of Emergency Medicine (D.R.-A., S.G.S., C.W., S.A.T., V.S.B., A.A.G.) and the Center for COMBAT Research (V.S.B.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care (N.R.A., P.D.S.), and the Department of Anesthesiology (J.C.B., S.G.S., N.K.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus - both in Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Medical Center, Temple (H.D.W., S.A.G.), and U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (S.G.S., B.J.L.) and Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S., B.J.L.), and the 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S.G., M.R.W., D.W.R., D.B.P.), and the Departments of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (A.B.B.), Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pulmonary Section (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (K.C.D., A.S.); the Department of Critical Care Medicine (A. Mohamed, L.A., V.B., A. Moskowitz, R.M.) and the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.G.F.), Montefiore Einstein, Bronx, NY; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (A.K., G.A.); Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Emergency Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (L.H.B., S.M.A.), and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program-Baton Rouge Campus (J.E.W., C.B.T.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine-New Orleans, Baton Rouge; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine (S.J. Halliday, M.T.L.), and the Department of Anesthesia (M.T.L.), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver (S.A.T.); and the University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans (D.R.J.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2024 Jun 20; Vol. 390 (23), pp. 2165-2177. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jun 13.

Fluid Management in Acute Respiratory Failure.

Autor: Giovanni SP; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Mailing Code UHN67, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Electronic address: giovanni@ohsu.edu., Seitz KP; Department of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T-1215 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA., Hough CL; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Mailing Code UHN67, Portland, OR 97239, USA.

Publikováno v: Critical care clinics [Crit Care Clin] 2024 Apr; Vol. 40 (2), pp. 291-307. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Feb 06.

Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Adults Hospitalized With Acute Infection: The ACORN Randomized Clinical Trial.

Autor: Qian ET; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Casey JD; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Wright A; Department of Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.; Division of General Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Wang L; Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee., Shotwell MS; Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee., Siemann JK; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Dear ML; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Stollings JL; Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Lloyd BD; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Marvi TK; Division of General Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Seitz KP; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Nelson GE; Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Wright PW; Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Siew ED; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Dennis BM; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Wrenn JO; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Andereck JW; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Han JH; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville., Self WH; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Semler MW; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee., Rice TW; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

Publikováno v: JAMA [JAMA] 2023 Oct 24; Vol. 330 (16), pp. 1557-1567.

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults.

Autor: Prekker ME; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Driver BE; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Trent SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Resnick-Ault D; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Seitz KP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Russell DW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gaillard JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Latimer AJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Ghamande SA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gibbs KW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Vonderhaar DJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Whitson MR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Barnes CR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Walco JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Douglas IS; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Krishnamoorthy V; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Dagan A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Bastman JJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Lloyd BD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Gandotra S; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Goranson JK; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Mitchell SH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., White HD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Palakshappa JA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Espinera A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Page DB; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Joffe A; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Hansen SJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Hughes CG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., George T; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Herbert JT; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Shapiro NI; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Schauer SG; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Long BJ; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Imhoff B; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Wang L; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Rhoads JP; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Womack KN; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Janz DR; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Self WH; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Rice TW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Ginde AA; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Casey JD; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.)., Semler MW; From the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (M.E.P., S.J.H.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.E.P., B.E.D.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (I.S.D., T.G.), Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, and the Department of Emergency Medicine (S.A.T., D.R.-A., J.J.B., A.A.G.) and the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (I.S.D.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K.P.S., T.W.R., J.D.C., M.W.S.), the Departments of Anesthesiology (J.P.W., C.G.H.), Emergency Medicine (B.D.L., W.H.S.), and Biostatistics (B.I., L.W.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (J.P.R., K.N.W., W.H.S., T.W.R., M.W.S.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine (D.W.R., M.R.W., S.G., D.B.P.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (M.R.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, and the Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.W.R.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care (J.P.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine (J.P.G., J.K.G.), Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, and the Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine (K.W.G., J.A.P.), Winston-Salem, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (V.K., J.T.H.) - all in North Carolina; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (A.J.L., S.H.M.) and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (C.R.B., A.J.), University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple (S.A.G., H.D.W.), and the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston (S.G.S.), and the 59th Medical Wing, U.S. Air Force, Fort Sam Houston (B.J.L.), San Antonio - all in Texas; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ochsner Health (D.J.V., A.E.), and University Medical Center New Orleans and the Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Allergy and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine (D.R.J.) - all in New Orleans; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (A.D., N.I.S.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2023 Aug 03; Vol. 389 (5), pp. 418-429. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 16.