A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fish Oil (Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexanoic Acid) on Lung and Systemic Inflammation in Patients with Acute Lung Injury

Autor: RD Stapleton, TR Martin, SJ Gundel, JJ Crowley, AB Nathens, TR Watkins, SR Akhtar, JM Martin, JT Ruzinski, E Caldwell, MJ Neff

Publikováno v: A92. FIVE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS WITH EDITORIAL DISCUSSION.

Externí odkaz: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::70c811e6b37faa9d8c3d7be609e87555
https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2169

Early trajectories of virological and immunological biomarkers and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to hospital for COVID-19: an international, prospective cohort study.

Autor: Jensen TO; Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: tomas.jensen@regionh.dk., Murray TA; Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Grandits GA; Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Jain MK; UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA., Grund B; School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Shaw-Saliba K; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA., Matthay MA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA., Abassi M; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Ardelt M; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA., Baker JV; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Chen P; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Dewar RL; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Goodman AL; The Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK., Hatlen TJ; Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA., Highbarger HC; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Holodniy M; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA., Lallemand P; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Laverdure S; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Leshnower BG; Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA., Looney D; VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA., Moschopoulos CD; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece., Mugerwa H; Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda., Murray DD; Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Mylonakis E; Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Infectious Diseases Division, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA., Nagy-Agren S; Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA., Rehman MT; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Rupert A; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Stevens R; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA., Turville S; The Kirby Institute, Sydney, Australia., Weintrob A; Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA., Wick K; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA., Lundgren J; Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Ko ER; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

Publikováno v: The Lancet. Microbe [Lancet Microbe] 2024 Jun; Vol. 5 (6), pp. e559-e569. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 27.

The Association of Baseline Plasma SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antigen Level and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19.

Autor: Rogers AJ; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California., Wentworth D; Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota., Phillips A; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom., Shaw-Saliba K; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland., Dewar RL; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland., Aggarwal NR; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado., Babiker AG; The Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom., Chang W; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland., Dharan NJ; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia., Davey VJ; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC., Higgs ES; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland., Gerry N; Advanced Biomedical Laboratories, Cinnaminson, New Jersey., Ginde AA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado., Hayanga JWA; Department of Cardiovascular Thoracic Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia., Highbarger H; Leidos Biomedical Research and AIDS Monitoring Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland., Highbarger JL; Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland., Jain MK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas., Kan V; Infectious Diseases Section, VA Medical Center, Washington, DC., Kim K; Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of South Florida and Global Emerging Diseases Institute, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida., Lallemand P; Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland., Leshnower BG; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia., Lutaakome JK; Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda., Matthews G; The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia., Mourad A; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina., Mylonakis E; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island., Natarajan V; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland., Padilla ML; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York., Pandit LM; Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas., Paredes R; Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Catalonia, Spain., Pett S; The Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom., Ramachandruni S; Christus Spohn Health System, Corpus Christi, Texas., Rehman MT; Virus Isolation and Serology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland., Sherman BT; Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland., Files DC; Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina., Brown SM; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Murray, Utah., Matthay MA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California., Thompson BT; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts., Neaton JD; Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota., Lane HC; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland., Lundgren JD; CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Publikováno v: Annals of internal medicine [Ann Intern Med] 2022 Oct; Vol. 175 (10), pp. 1401-1410. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 30.

A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19.

Autor: Lundgren JD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Grund B; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Barkauskas CE; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Holland TL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Gottlieb RL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Sandkovsky U; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Brown SM; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Knowlton KU; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Self WH; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Files DC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Jain MK; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Benfield T; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Bowdish ME; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Leshnower BG; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Baker JV; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Jensen JU; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Gardner EM; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Ginde AA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Harris ES; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Johansen IS; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Markowitz N; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Matthay MA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Østergaard L; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Chang CC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Davey VJ; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Goodman A; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Higgs ES; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Murray DD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Murray TA; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Paredes R; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Parmar MKB; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Phillips AN; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Reilly C; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Sharma S; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Dewar RL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Teitelbaum M; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Wentworth D; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Cao H; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Klekotka P; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Babiker AG; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Gelijns AC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Kan VL; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Polizzotto MN; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Thompson BT; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Lane HC; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.)., Neaton JD; From the CHIP Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (J.D.L., D.D.M.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases (J.D.L., D.D.M., J.-U.J.), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre (T.B.), the Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup (J.-U.J.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense (I.S.J.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (L.Ø.) - all in Denmark; the School of Statistics (B.G.) and the Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (T.A.M., C.R., S.S., D.W., J.D.N.), University of Minnesota, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (J.V.B.), and the University of Minnesota (J.V.B.), Minneapolis; the Divisions of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (C.E.B.) and Infectious Disease (T.L.H.), Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem (D.C.F.) - both in North Carolina; the Center for Advanced Heart and Lung Disease (R.L.G.) and the Division of Infectious Diseases (U.S.), Baylor University Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center (M.K.J.), Dallas; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray (S.M.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah (S.M.B., E.S.H.) and Intermountain Healthcare (K.U.K.), Salt Lake City - both in Utah; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (W.H.S.); the Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (M.E.B.), the Department of Medicine and Anesthesia and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (M.A.M.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (H.C.) - all in California; the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (B.G.L.); Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver (E.M.G.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (A.A.G.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit (N.M.); the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (C.C.C., M.N.P.), and St. Vincent's Hospital (M.N.P.), Sydney; the Department of Veterans Affairs (V.J.D.), the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (V.L.K.), and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (V.L.K.), Washington, DC; the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (A.G., A.G.B., M.K.B.P.), the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology (M.K.B.P.), and the Institute for Global Health (A.N.P.), University College London, and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (A.G.), London; the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (E.S.H., H.C.L.), and Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick (R.L.D., M.T.) - both in Maryland; the Infectious Diseases Department and IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (P.K.); the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (A.C.G.); and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (B.T.T.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2021 Mar 11; Vol. 384 (10), pp. 905-914. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Dec 22.