Hippocampal sclerosis, hippocampal neuron loss patterns and Tdp-43 in the aged population

Autor: Hokkanen, SRK, Hunter, S, Polvikoski, TM, Keage, HAD, Minett, T, Matthews, FE, Brayne, C

Hippocampal neuron loss is a common neuropathological feature in old age with various underlying etiologies. Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is neuropathologically characterized by severe CA1 neuronal loss and frequent presence of transacti

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https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267765

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The significance of medial temporal lobe atrophy: a postmortem MRI study in the very old.

Autor: Barkhof F, Polvikoski TM, van Straaten EC, Kalaria RN, Sulkava R, Aronen HJ, Niinistö L, Rastas S, Oinas M, Scheltens P, Erkinjuntti T, Barkhof, F, Polvikoski, T M, van Straaten, E C W, Kalaria, R N, Sulkava, R, Aronen, H J, Niinistö, L, Rastas, S, Oinas, M

Publikováno v: Neurology; 10/9/2007, Vol. 69 Issue 15, p1521-1527, 7p

Glycosylation spectral signatures for glioma grade discrimination using Raman spectroscopy.

Autor: Quesnel A; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK., Coles N; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK., Angione C; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK.; School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Darlington, UK.; Centre for Digital Innovation, Teesside University, Darlington, UK., Dey P; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK.; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2UP, Portsmouth, UK., Polvikoski TM; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK., Outeiro TF; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany., Islam M; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK., Khundakar AA; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK.; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK., Filippou PS; School of Health & Life Sciences, Teesside University, TS1 3BX, Middlesbrough, UK. P.Philippou@tees.ac.uk.; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, 38 John Dixon Ln, DL1 1HG, Darlington, UK. P.Philippou@tees.ac.uk.

Publikováno v: BMC cancer [BMC Cancer] 2023 Feb 21; Vol. 23 (1), pp. 174. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Feb 21.

Developmental Consequences of Defective ATG7-Mediated Autophagy in Humans.

Autor: Collier JJ; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Guissart C; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Oláhová M; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Sasorith S; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Piron-Prunier F; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Suomi F; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Zhang D; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Martinez-Lopez N; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Leboucq N; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Bahr A; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Azzarello-Burri S; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Reich S; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Schöls L; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Polvikoski TM; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Meyer P; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Larrieu L; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Schaefer AM; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Alsaif HS; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Alyamani S; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Zuchner S; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Barbosa IA; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Deshpande C; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Pyle A; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Rauch A; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Synofzik M; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Alkuraya FS; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Rivier F; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Ryten M; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., McFarland R; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Delahodde A; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., McWilliams TG; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Koenig M; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.)., Taylor RW; From the Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, (J.J.C., M.O., N.M.-L., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), the Translational and Clinical Research Institute (J.J.C, M.O., T.M.P., A.M.S., A.P., R.M., R.W.T.), and the NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders of Adults and Children (A.M.S., R.M., R.W.T.), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, and the Institute of Child Health, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology (D.Z., M.R.), the Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine (I.A.B.), and the Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (C.D.), London - all in the United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique and Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, University of Montpellier and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier (C.G., S.S., L.L., M.K.), Departments of Neuroradiology (N.L.) and Pediatric Neurology (P.M., F.R.) and Reference Center for Neuromuscular Diseases Atlantic-Occitania-Caribbean (AOC) (P.M., F.R.), CHU de Montpellier, and Laboratoire de Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles (PhyMedExp), INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier (P.M., F.R.), Montpellier, and the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette (F.P.-P., A.D.) - all in France; the Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Research Programs Unit, and the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (F.S., T.G.M.); Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (N.M.-L.); the Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (A.B., S.A.-B., A.R.); Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (S.R., L.S., M.S.); the Departments of Genetics (H.S.A., F.S.A.) and Neuroscience (S.A.), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; and the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (S.Z.).

Publikováno v: The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2021 Jun 24; Vol. 384 (25), pp. 2406-2417.